Time

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• Quantum
• Time ...Coordinated Universal Time UTC ... Clock ...Timekeeping | Wikipedia
• The Very Long and Fascinating History of Clocks | Christopher McFadden - Interesting Engineering
• What Is a Leap Second? | Konstantin Bikos and Anne Buckle - timeanddate.com
• Atomic clocks ...Tide Clock | Amazon
• Cybersecurity
  • Crown Sterling ... changing the face of digital security with its non-integer-based algorithms that leverage time, AI and irrational numbers.
  • Quantum cryptography ... the infosec industry looks to quantum cryptography and quantum key distribution (QKD)
• Time Series
  • Time-based Algorithms
  • A Comparison of Time Series Databases and Netsil’s Use of Druid | Netsil
  • Microsoft announces the general availability of Azure Time Series Insights | Ryan Waite - Microsoft
  • Top 10 Time Series Databases | Outlyer
• Models
  • Transformer
    • Generative Pre-trained Transformer (GPT)
    • Attention Mechanism/Transformer Model
    • Transformer-XL
  • Sequence to Sequence (Seq2Seq)
  • End-to-End Speech
  • Neural Turing Machine
  • Recurrent Neural Network (RNN)
    • Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM)
    • Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU)
    • Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory (BI-LSTM)
    • Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory (BI-LSTM) with Attention Mechanism
    • Average-Stochastic Gradient Descent (SGD) Weight-Dropped LSTM (AWD-LSTM)
  • (Tree) Recursive Neural (Tensor) Network (RNTN)
  • Temporal Difference (TD) Learning
  • Time Series Forecasting - Statistical
  • Time Series Forecasting - Deep Learning
  • Spatial-Temporal Dynamic Network (STDN)

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Whenever we have developed better clocks, we’ve learned something new about the world.
- Alexander Smith New Time Dilation Phenomenon Revealed: Timekeeping Theory Combines Quantum Clocks and Einstein’s Relativity - Dartmouth College

The Earth's rotation is so accurate it varies only in milliseconds ...do you feel the Earth rotation slowing down?

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DARPA Making Progress on Miniaturized Atomic Clocks for Future PNT Applications | US Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA)

Navigation Aids

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• Case Studies
  • Smart Cities
  • Transportation (Autonomous Vehicles)
  • Robotics
  • Agriculture
  • Government Services
  • Defense
• Autonomous Drones
• Deepmind teaches AI to follow navigational directions like humans | Tristan Greene
• History of Navigation | Wikipedia
  • Longitude: The True Story of a Lone Genius Who Solved the Greatest Scientific Problem of His Time | Dava SobelAmazon ...Video: "Lost at Sea: The Search for Longitude" Nova companion Web site
• Navigation Aids | Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration

Navigation is a field of study that focuses on the process of monitoring and controlling the movement of a craft or vehicle from one place to another.[1] The field of navigation includes four general categories: land navigation, marine navigation, aeronautic navigation, and space navigation. Navigation | Wikipedia

Navigation Systems ERAU SpecialVFR

Satellite Navigation Systems Overview with John Pottle Royal Institute of Navigation John Pottle, Director of the Royal Institute of Navigation, will put into context what the hundreds of navigation satellites in space are all for and how they work together. This webinar will explain the similarities and differences between global and regional satellite navigation systems, how they are co-ordinated, and by whom. The space-based augmentation systems will also be covered: what are these and how do they help? *During the webinar Q&A there was a question about whether or not GNSS could be used for moon missions - please see: Website: http://rin.org.uk/

GPS: The Global Positioning System

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• Man-made (artificial) Satellites
• GPS has been copied by Russia's GLONASS, Europe’s Galileo, China's BeiDou, India’s IRNSS, and Japan’s QZSS
• Artificial intelligence in GPS navigation systems | Jeffrey L. Duffany
• RoadTagger: GPS system upgrade utilizes AI to make sure you're in the right lane | David Nield - New Atlas ...Artificial intelligence to update digital maps and improve GPS navigation | Amit Malewar - InceptiveMind
• GPS.gov
• Inside GNSS ...Global Navigation Satellite Systems
• Navstar | Space.com ...is a network of U.S. satellites that provide GPS services
• SpaceX launches third-generation GPS navigation satellite | CBS News ...GPS-3 satellite — the fourth in a series of more powerful third-generation navigation stations built by Lockheed Martin — was expected to be deployed about a 90 minutes after liftoff. Assuming tests and checkout go well, it will join a globe-spanning constellation of 31 GPS satellites.
• Air Force asks three U.S. contractors to develop miniature ASIC technology for next-gen GPS receivers | John Keller - Military & Aerospace Electronics ...small low-power-consumption GPS enabling technologies to include a next-generation ASIC for secure GPS land navigation.
• China Launches Beidou, Its Own Version of GPS | Andrew Jones - IEEE Spectrum ...China places the final Beidou navigation system satellite into orbit
• There’s no GPS in outer space
  • NASA is Making An AI-Based GPS For Space | Kristin Houser
  • Frontier Development Lab (FDL) ...Artificial Intelligence Research for Space Science, Exploration & All Humankind

GPS receivers that use the L5 band can pinpoint to within 30 centimeters or 11.8 inches. The GPS concept is based on time and the known position of GPS specialized satellites. The satellites carry very stable atomic clocks that are synchronized with one another and with the ground clocks. Any drift from time maintained on the ground is corrected daily. In the same manner, the satellite locations are known with great precision. GPS receivers have clocks as well, but they are less stable and less precise. Each GPS satellite continuously transmits a radio signal containing the current time and data about its position. Since the speed of radio waves is constant and independent of the satellite speed, the time delay between when the satellite transmits a signal and the receiver receives it is proportional to the distance from the satellite to the receiver. A GPS receiver monitors multiple satellites and solves equations to determine the precise position of the receiver and its deviation from true time. At a minimum, four satellites must be in view of the receiver for it to compute four unknown quantities (three position coordinates and clock deviation from satellite time). Global Positioning System | Wikipedia

Assured-Positioning, Navigation and Timing (A-PNT)

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• Cybersecurity
• Tactical Radio (TR) A-PNT Overview | COL Daniel F. Kuntz, USA - TRADOC Capabilities Manager Tactical Radios (TCM TR) - U.S. Army Cyber Center of Excellence & Fort Gordon
• A-PNT: Assured Position, Navigation and Timing | Curtiss-Wright
• China tipped to 'wipe out' GPS with 'dire consequences' after conflict catalyst exposed | Callum Hoare - The Daily Express ...China could bring the world to its knees by "wiping out" GPS, a key system used by the US military and its NATO allies, an expert on space policy has told Express.co.uk GPS Unreliability | Dennis L. Bryant - MarineLink

Like the GPS units in many automobiles today, a simple receiver and some processing power is all that is needed for accurate navigation. But, what if the GPS satellites suddenly became unavailable due to malfunction, enemy action or simple interference, such as driving into a tunnel? Unavailability of GPS would be inconvenient for drivers on the road, but could be disastrous for military missions. Extreme Miniaturization: Seven Devices, One Chip to Navigate without GPS | US Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA)

Securing Positioning & Timing 2: GPS/GNSS Vulnerability Types and Examples Royal Institute of Navigation The second of a series of webinars from the Securing Positioning & Timing short course. This webinar covers GPS/GNSS Vulnerability Types and Examples. Presented by Guy Buesnel. Supported by the UK Space Agency. Website: http://rin.org.uk/

How to fool a GPS - Todd Humphreys TED-Ed Todd Humphreys forecasts the near-future of geolocation when millimeter-accurate GPS "dots" will enable you to find pin-point locations, index-search your physical possessions ... or to track people without their knowledge. And the response to the sinister side of this technology may have unintended consequences of its own. (Filmed at TEDxAustin.) Talk by Todd Humphreys.

Enabling the Next Generation of GPS Technology with Supercorrelation with Dr Ramsey Faragher Royal Institute of Navigation Focal Point Positioning have developed a new method for processing GNSS radio signals called Supercorrelation which dramatically improves the performance of the earliest stage of radio processing. The software update removes multipath interference at the correlator level, and provides the ability to determine signal arrival angle without adding any new hardware to a standard GNSS device. In this webinar Dr Ramsey Faragher, Founder/CEO of FocalPoint will explain how the technology works, will cover some of the challenges that FocalPoint have overcome in deploying it on very low cost platforms, and will show off the new capabilities that it unlocks. Website: http://rin.org.uk/

AgilLOC Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) Anti-Jamming and Spoofing Capability AgilLOC Antenna Element Compact (AEC) & Resilient Time Source (RTS) provide assured access to Position, Navigation and Timing (PNT) information for mission-critical systems. AEC provides GNSS anti-jam capability under denied environment through adaptive nulling of interference sources. RTS provides add-on GNSS anti-spoof capability and timing resiliency to ensure the integrity of the GNSS.

GRCon20 - Software defined radio based Global Navigation Satellite System real time spoofing.... Software defined radio based Global Navigation Satellite System real time spoofing detection and cancellation Presented by Jean-Michel Friedt,, D. Rabus and G. Goavec-Merou at GNU Radio Conference 2020 http://gnuradio.org/grcon20 Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) -- most significantly the Global Positioning System (GPS) -- have become ubiquitous to most daily activities, from positioning and navigation to long range time synchronization or distributed energy production ("smart grid"). While initially developed as a military system hardly accessible to civilians, the advent of Software Defined Radio jamming and spoofing capabilities emphasize the low security of GNSS weak signals emitted from satellites orbiting the Earth 20000 km away. While a properly spoofing signal cannot be detected after a consumer-grade receiver has decoded the radiofrequency signal, addressing at the radiofrequency wave level the signal integrity provides the solution of identifying spoofing with all satellites appearing at the same direction of arrival. This classical beamforming analysis -- Controlled Reception Pattern Antenna (CRPA) with multiple antenna reception and phase analysis -- is demonstrated using commercial, off the shelf software defined radio platform receivers (Ettus Research B210) running the real-time GNSS decoder gnss-sdr based on GNU Radio running on embedded boards such as the Raspberry Pi4.

When GNSS fails, what will you do? - MarRINav! This webinar, called 'When GNSS fails, what will you do? - MarRINav! ' features presentations and comments form Jonathan Turner (NLA Int.), Dr Alan Grant (GLA), and Dana Goward (RNTF). The webinar provides analysis and insights from Phase 1 of the Maritime Resilience and Integrity of Navigation (MarRINav) project. To download the full transcript of Jonathan's presentation please follow this link: https://rin.org.uk/resource/resmgr/fi... Many thanks to all co-sponsors of this webinar: Resilient Navigation and Timing Foundation, Institute of Navigation, GPS World, The Maritime Executive, and of course the MarRINav project. Website: http://rin.org.uk/

GPS Spoofing and Jamming: Learn how to protect against threats to GNSS systems Steatite

Securing Positioning & Timing 7: Improving Performance by Augmenting GPS/GNSS Royal Institute of Navigation The seventh, and final, of a series of webinars from the Securing Positioning & Timing short course. This webinar covers Improving Performance by Augmenting GPS/GNSS. Presented by Prof Terry Moore. Supported by the UK Space Agency. Website: http://rin.org.uk/

GPS/GNSS Spoofing and How To Detect It GPSPATRON GNSS Interference Issues What is GNSS Spoofing? Spoofing Detection Solution In this video, we describe GNSS spoofing/jamming and how to detect it. GPSPATRON is facilitated to protect GNSS-dependent infrastructure against spoofing/jamming or other GNSS signals anomalies that cause time/position accuracy degradation More about GNSS spoofing detection: http://gpspatron.com/detecting-gnss-... Links: http://rntfnd.org/2018/04/24/5-gps-s... http://www.c4reports.org/aboveusonly... http://www.gpsworld.com/ http://insidegnss.com/ http://www.gps.gov/

Securing Positioning & Timing 1: GPS/GNSS Introduction and Defining PNT System Requirements Royal Institute of Navigation The first of a series of webinars from the Securing Positioning & Timing short course. This webinar covers GPS/GNSS Introduction and Defining PNT System Requirements. Presented by John Pottle. Supported by the UK Space Agency. Website: http://rin.org.uk/

Geolocation: Locating GPS/GNSS Jamming and Spoofing

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Securing Positioning & Timing 3: Detecting and Characterising GPS/GNSS Jamming & Spoofing Royal Institute of Navigation The third of a series of webinars from the Securing Positioning & Timing short course. This webinar covers Detecting and Characterising GPS/GNSS Jamming & Spoofing. Presented by Dr Mark Dumville. Supported by the UK Space Agency. Website: http://rin.org.uk/

Securing Positioning & Timing 4: Locating GPS/GNSS Jamming and Spoofing Royal Institute of Navigation The fourth of a series of webinars from the Securing Positioning & Timing short course. This webinar covers Locating GPS/GNSS Jamming and Spoofing. Presented by Mike Jones. Supported by the UK Space Agency. Website: http://rin.org.uk/

GNSS Jamming - Crowd Sourcing Detection and Geolocation GNSS Jamming - Crowd Sourcing Detection and Geolocation webinar by InsideGNSS

Harris Corporation - Detect and Locate GPS Jamming with Signal Sentry™ 1000 Harris Corporation The Global Positioning System—GPS—is an essential element of the global information infrastructure. GPS jamming devices are becoming cheaper and more accessible, creating a greater need to protect from a diverse range of threats. Harris Signal Sentry 1000 is a GPS interference detection and geolocation solution. It provides a web-based visualization tool to support timely and effective actionable intelligence.

Software-defined Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS)

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• Cognitive Radio (CR) / Software-defined radio (SDR)

Dr. Carles Fernandez: An Open Source Global Navigation Satellite Systems Software-Defined Receiver Software Defined Radio Academy GNSS-SDR (see https://gnss-sdr.org) is an open source, software-defined Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) receiver. This software application takes care of all the digital signal processing chain (from the output of the Analog-to-Digital Converter of a radio-frequency front-end, or from raw sam- ples stored in a file), performing signal acquisition and tracking of the available satellite signals, decoding the navigation message and computing the observables needed by positioning algorithms, which ultimately compute the navigation solution. Several outputs are provided in standard formats, including RINEX observation and navigation files, RTCM-104 v3.2 message streaming via TCP/IP and NMEA-0183, as well as KML, GeoJSON, and GPX files for Geographic Information Systems, map representation and Earth browsers. Currently, the software is able to process GLONASS L1 C/A, GPS L1 C/A, Galileo E1b/c, BeiDou B1I, BeiDou B3I, GLONASS L2 C/A, GPS L2C, GPS L5 and Galileo E5a signals, in all possible combinations, including multi-constellation and multi-frequency configurations. The software leverages on the GNU Radio framework, inheriting multithreading scheduling and a modular, scalable architecture. The software is designed to facilitate the inclusion of new signal processing techniques, offering an easy way to measure their impact in the overall receiver performance under fair conditions, as well as the expansion to other signals.

GRCon20 - Software defined radio based Global Navigation Satellite System real time spoofing.... Software defined radio based Global Navigation Satellite System real time spoofing detection and cancellation Presented by Jean-Michel Friedt,, D. Rabus and G. Goavec-Merou at GNU Radio Conference 2020 http://gnuradio.org/grcon20 Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) -- most significantly the Global Positioning System (GPS) -- have become ubiquitous to most daily activities, from positioning and navigation to long range time synchronization or distributed energy production ("smart grid"). While initially developed as a military system hardly accessible to civilians, the advent of Software Defined Radio jamming and spoofing capabilities emphasize the low security of GNSS weak signals emitted from satellites orbiting the Earth 20000 km away. While a properly spoofing signal cannot be detected after a consumer-grade receiver has decoded the radiofrequency signal, addressing at the radiofrequency wave level the signal integrity provides the solution of identifying spoofing with all satellites appearing at the same direction of arrival. This classical beamforming analysis -- Controlled Reception Pattern Antenna (CRPA) with multiple antenna reception and phase analysis -- is demonstrated using commercial, off the shelf software defined radio platform receivers (Ettus Research B210) running the real-time GNSS decoder gnss-sdr based on GNU Radio running on embedded boards such as the Raspberry Pi4.

Long Range Navigation (LORAN)

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• Public-private partnership to launch enhanced LOng RAnge Navigation (eLORAN) technology to back-up and accompany GPS | Jamie Whitney - Intelligent Aerospace

Quantum Sensors in Navigation

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• UK Research and Innovation
• Review of Quantum Navigation | Donghui Feng - IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science
• Quantum Sensing Technology Growing Rapidly to Enable Ultra Sensitive Quantum RADARS, Imaging, and Navigation | Rajesh Uppal - International Defence Security & Technology

Typically, the performance of measurement devices is limited by deleterious effects such as thermal noise and vibration. Notable exceptions are atomic clocks, which operate very near their fundamental limits. Driving devices to their physical limits will open new application spaces critical to future DoD systems. Indeed, many defense-critical applications already require exceptionally precise time and frequency standards enabled only by atomic clocks. The Global Positioning System (GPS) and the internet are two key examples. Measurement systems based on atomic physics benefit from the exquisite properties of the atom. Among these are (a) precise frequency transitions, (b) the ability to initialize, control, and readout the atomic state and (c) environmental isolation. In addition, atomic properties are absolute, and do not “drift” over time. In this sense, atoms are self-calibrated, making them ideal for precision sensing. Quantum-Assisted Sensing and Readout (QuASAR) | US Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA)

Time & Music

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• Time & Music