Out-of-Distribution (OOD) Generalization

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Out-of-Distribution (OOD) generalization refers to the ability of a machine learning model to generalize to new data that comes from a different distribution than the training data. This is a challenging problem because the testing distribution is unknown and different from the training distribution. There are several methods for improving out-of-distribution generalization. According to a survey on the topic, existing methods can be categorized into three parts based on their positions in the whole learning pipeline: unsupervised representation learning, supervised model learning and optimization. Another approach to out-of-distribution generalization is via learning domain-invariant features or hypothesis-invariant features.