Quantum

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Every quantum computer is fundamentally a sampler that starts with a simple probability distribution over all possible measurement outcomes, computes a more complicated distribution, and samples an outcome via a measurement. Quantum Machine Learning 1.0 | Maria Schuld - Xanadu - Medium


Basic properties of quantum world:

  • Superposition - of two state means a quantum system is in two state at a time; the power to be a wave and a particle, at the same time
  • Entanglement - the correlation of two or more system in a ensemble. Which means even if two two system are spatially separated the measurement of any observable will be effected by the other. Like having a twin where if one is affected then simultaneously so is the other
  • Quantum tunneling - able to bypass any barriers i.e move through walls


Quantum Machine Learning

Quantum machine learning is an emerging interdisciplinary research area at the intersection of quantum physics and machine learning. The most common use of the term refers to machine learning algorithms for the analysis of classical data executed on a quantum computer, i.e. quantum-enhanced machine learning. While machine learning algorithms are used to compute immense quantities of data, quantum machine learning increases such capabilities intelligently, by creating opportunities to conduct analysis on quantum states and systems. This includes hybrid methods that involve both classical and quantum processing, where computationally difficult subroutines are outsourced to a quantum device. These routines can be more complex in nature and executed faster with the assistance of quantum devices. Furthermore, quantum algorithms can be used to analyze quantum states instead of classical data. Quantum machine learning | Wikipedia


Quantum Neural Network (QNN)

Quantum neural networks (QNNs) are neural network models which are based on the principles of quantum mechanics. There are two different approaches to QNN research, one exploiting quantum information processing to improve existing neural network models (sometimes also vice versa), and the other one searching for potential quantum effects in the brain. Quantum Neural Network (QNN) | Wikipedia

Quantum Convolutional Neural Network (QCNN)

Machine learning techniques have so far proved to be very promising for the analysis of data in several fields, with many potential applications. However, researchers have found that applying these methods to quantum physics problems is far more challenging due to the exponential complexity of many-body systems.... "One of the objectives of the present work was to generalize a specific, well-known machine learning architecture called convolutional neural network (CNN) for a compact quantum circuit, and demonstrate its capabilities with simplistic but meaningful examples." In their study, Choi and his colleagues assumed that CNNs owe their great success to two important features. Firstly, the fact that they are made out of smaller local units (i.e., multiple layers of quasi-local quantum gates). Secondly, their ability to process input data in a hierarchical fashion. The researchers found a connection between these two characteristics and two renowned physics concepts known as locality and renormalization. "Locality is natural in physics because we believe that the law of nature is fundamentally local," Choi said. "Renormalization, on the other hand, is a very interesting concept. In physics, certain universal features of a quantum many-body system, such as the phase (e.g., liquid, gas, solid, etc.) of materials do not depend on (or are not sensitive to) microscopically detailed information of the system, but rather governed by only a few important hidden parameters. Renormalization is a theory technique to identify those important parameters starting from microscopic description of a quantum system." The researchers observed that renormalization processes share some similarities with pattern recognition applications, particularly those in which machine learning is used to identify objects in pictures. For instance, when a CNN trained for pattern recognition tasks analyzes pictures of animals, it focuses on a universal feature (i.e., trying to identify what animal is portrayed in the image), regardless of whether individual animals of the same type (e.g., cats) look slightly different. This process is somewhat similar to renormalization techniques in theoretical physics, which can also help to distill universal information....quantum convolutional neural network (QCNN), on a quantum physics-specific problem that involved recognizing quantum states associated with a 1-D symmetry protected topological phase. Remarkably, their technique was able to recognize these quantum states, outperforming existing approaches. As it is fairly compact, the QCNN could also potentially be implemented in small quantum computers. Introducing Quantum Convolutional Neural Networks (QCNN) | Ingrid Fadelli



Getting Started with Quantum Programming

Quantum Development Algorithms & Kits

Microsoft Quantum Development Kit

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Strawberry Fields

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  • An open-source software architecture for photonic quantum computing
  • A full-stack quantum software platform, implemented in Python specifically targeted to the CV model
  • Quantum circuits are written using the easy-to-use and intuitive Blackbird quantum programming language
  • Powers the Strawberry Fields Interactive web app, which allows anyone to run a quantum computing simulation via drag and drop
  • Includes quantum computer simulators implemented using NumPy and Tensorflow - these built-in quantum compiler tools convert and optimize Blackbird code for classical simulation
  • Future releases will aim to target experimental backends, including photonic quantum computing chips

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Cirq

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  • Cirq - a Python library for writing, manipulating, and optimizing quantum circuits and running them against quantum computers and simulators. | Google]

A python framework for creating, editing, and invoking Noisy Intermediate Scale Quantum (NISQ) circuits.

Qiskit

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  • Qiskit is an open-source quantum computing software development framework for leveraging today's quantum processors
  • How to program a quantum computer | James Wootton
  • A developer’s guide to using the Quantum QISKit SDK | IBM
    • IBM Q 16 Rueschlikon V1.x.x The connectivity on the device is provided by total 22 coplanar waveguide (CPW) "bus" resonators, each of which connects two qubits. The connectivity configuration is shown in the figure below; the colored dots indicate qubits, and the colored bars indicate CPW bus resonators. Three different resonant frequencies are used for the bus resonators. The white bars indicate the buses with a resonant frequency of 6.25 GHz, the grey bars 6.45 GHz, and the black bars 6.65 GHz.
    • To access this chipset you will need an account on IBM Quantum Experience. And then generate the token from here.


Qilimanjaro

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  • Qilimanjaro build a unique first-to-market full-stack coherent quantum annealing computer with an easy-to-use advanced algorithmic toolset to effectively address complex optimization problems in multiple real-world industry use cases.
  • Address existing quantum hardware platforms
  • Development of HPC quantum simulators
  • Cloud access to quantum computing resources
  • Long qubit coherence, low-system noise
  • High connectivity qubit architecture
  • Cost-effective solutions
  • Quantum annealing programming: mapping mathematical models to device hardware
  • For hard combinatorial optimization problems

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