Paleontology

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• Paleontology | Wikipedia
• Using Artificial Intelligence On The Genome Uncovers New Missing Link In Evolution | Science 2.0
• This 21-Year-Old Used A.I. to Decipher Text From a Scroll That Hasn’t Been Read in 2,000 Years | Julia Binswanger - Smithsonian Magazine ... The papyrus scroll is one of hundreds that were carbonized in the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 C.E.
• How did Neanderthals disappear? New DNA analysis sheds light on the mystery | Katie Hunt - CNN

AI has significantly advanced the field of paleontology, especially in the analysis of ancient DNA (aDNA). AI continues to revolutionize the field of paleontology by enabling more accurate and efficient analysis of ancient DNA, providing deeper insights into the evolutionary history of life on Earth. Here are some ways AI is used, along with frameworks and models:

Applications of AI in Paleontology DNA Analysis

• DNA Sequencing and Assembly:
  • Machine Learning Algorithms: AI algorithms help in assembling fragmented DNA sequences. Tools like neural networks can predict sequence overlaps and aid in assembling the genome.
  • Frameworks: Tools like SPAdes (St. Petersburg genome assembler) utilize AI techniques for assembling genomes from short-read sequences.

• Pattern Recognition and Classification:
  • Deep Learning Models: Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) are employed to identify patterns and classify sequences. This is particularly useful in distinguishing between contamination and genuine aDNA sequences.
  • Frameworks: TensorFlow and PyTorch are commonly used frameworks for developing and training deep learning models.

• Phylogenetic Analysis:
  • AI Algorithms: AI helps in constructing phylogenetic trees by analyzing genetic similarities and differences among species. Reinforcement learning and other optimization algorithms can enhance the accuracy of these trees.
  • Frameworks: BEAST (Bayesian Evolutionary Analysis by Sampling Trees) integrates AI for evolutionary analysis.

• Anomaly Detection:
  • Machine Learning Models: Unsupervised learning models, such as clustering algorithms, help identify unusual patterns in DNA sequences that might indicate evolutionary events or mutations.
  • Frameworks: Scikit-learn provides a range of machine learning algorithms suitable for such analyses.

• Simulation and Modeling:
  • Generative Models: Variational Autoencoder (VAE) and Generative Adversarial Network (GAN)s are used to simulate ancient genetic sequences and study evolutionary processes.
  • Frameworks: Keras, built on top of TensorFlow, is often used for developing generative models.

Examples of AI Frameworks and Models

• TensorFlow and Keras:
  • Used for building and training neural networks.
  • Applications: Sequence classification, phylogenetic analysis.

• PyTorch:
  • Popular for its dynamic computational graph and ease of use.
  • Applications: DNA sequence analysis, pattern recognition.

• Scikit-learn:
  • Offers a wide range of machine learning algorithms.
  • Applications: Clustering, classification, anomaly detection.

• SPAdes:
  • A genome assembler that uses AI techniques to assemble genomes from short-read sequences.
  • Applications: DNA sequencing and assembly.

• BEAST:
  • An advanced tool for Bayesian analysis of molecular sequences.
  • Applications: Phylogenetic analysis, evolutionary studies.

Specific Case Studies

• Neanderthal and Denisovan DNA Analysis: AI was used to differentiate between modern human contamination and genuine ancient DNA sequences, improving the accuracy of sequencing results. Researchers from Estonia and Spain used deep learning to build a model for human evolution. They already knew Neanderthals and Denisovan bred with humans, but their programs uncovered something new: a third species that joined the hominoid party. Artificial intelligence found a new species of hominids that bred with humans | Ilana Strauss

• Woolly Mammoth Genome Reconstruction: Machine learning algorithms helped assemble the fragmented DNA of woolly mammoths, enabling a better understanding of their evolution and eventual extinction.

Artificial intelligence finds T. rex couldn't run According to this study's computer simulation the T. rex may not have been as agile as movies like "Jurassic Park" have suggested.

AI Model to Predict Dinosaur Hunting Grounds - IBM Power AI Vision GIS use case Sons, Ben and Sam Chesebrough , get excited about Jurassic bones we have found! Next we built an AI model to make the process more efficient! AI is transforming every industry, how about paleontology? Using PowerAI Vision Robert Chesebrough and Chris Konarski built and field tested our first AI model to find Jurassic dinosaur fossils. Using PowerAI Vision and training off of aerial photos of known finds we built a predictive model that increases significantly the odds of finding bone. A field test was performed in a New Mexico Wilderness on a mesa that scored high probability and over 50 bones were seen in 8 hours! The enterprise real use cases are endless: oil and gas, solar, wind, farming, mining. Join us in one of our hashtag IBM systems co-creation discovery labs and we will help you on the journey.

Recent Discoveries

The Most Important Discoveries in Paleontology - Part 1 Henry the PaleoGuy Paleontology is an ever-evolving science, and new discoveries are often brought to our light. The 19th Century brought many fascinating animals to our attention, from the titanic Diplocodus to the birdlike Archaeopteryx, and the methods of mapping out our past were also developed and put into use at this time. I hope you enjoy!

The Most Important Discoveries in Paleontology - Part 2 Henry the PaleoGuy In this next, anticipated instalment of The Most Important Discoveries In Paleontology, I will be covering some of the most notable finds of the 20th century, from the mighty Tyrannosaurus to the small and unassuming Taung child. Be sure to watch the first part, which covered the discoveries of the 19th century for some additional context and content. I hope you enjoy.

Dino Fun

Google Chrome Dinosaur Game

AI learns to play Google Chrome Dinosaur Game || Can you beat it?? Using NEAT I created an AI to play the Google Chrome Dionsaur Game, and its awesome Big thanks to Brilliant.org for supporting this channel check them out at https://www.brilliant.org/CodeBullet Become a patreon to support my future content as well as sneak peaks of whats to come. https://www.patreon.com/CodeBullet Check out my Discord server https://discord.gg/UZDMYx5

How to create ai for videogames: googles dino-ai John G. Fisher Learn how to create a video game AI using a convolutional neural network to play Google's Dinosaur run and other video games. As a side note. I move over the details of the CNN architecture very quickly. If you guys have any questions about the specifics please ask below and we can discuss! SUBSCRIBE ON YOUTUBE: https://goo.gl/qkgzWg HOW TO ASK ME QUESTIONS: DM ME ON INSTAGRAM: https://www.instagram.com/jgordonfisher

Dino Augmented Reality

• Immersive Reality

Dinosaur Digger Game - Augmented Reality Merge Cube We have worked for a client to develop augmented reality game, DINO DIGGER , which uses Merge AR Cube. Dig for dinosaurs in this educational game for MERGE Cube! Go back to in time to when dinosaurs roamed the land with legendary dinosaur hunter and paleontologist, Jack Horner. Learn interesting facts and uncover fossilized dinosaur skeletons in the palm of your hand! Your MERGE Cube becomes a piece of earth that you must carefully excavate to uncover prehistoric fossils. Choose your tools and Dig for dinosaurs!

UNBOXING & LETS PLAY - Utopia 360° 4D+ DINOSAUR EXPERIENCE! - AUGMENTED REALITY VR Flash Cards! oday we review the all exciting VR Dinosaur Experience! This deck of 20 cards is something unique as it brings Dinosaurs to life infront of your very own eyes! Its truly an amazing experience and makes education fun! Learn more at: Utopia360vr.com Dinosaurs has always been fascinating in everyone's eyes. Their fossil signifies the existence and extinction of the dinosaurs which dwelt million years ago on Earth. Dinosaurs 4D+ gives you the prehistoric experience of unleashing extinct Dinosaurs right before your very eyes! Pair the App with Dinosaurs 4D+ flashcards and watch as the 3D Dinosaurs leap out from the flashcards in Augmented Reality. Unlock all the dinosaurs by entering the serial number in the Guide slot. You may acquire the serial numbers from inside the Dinosaurs 4D+ flashcards box. Note that one serial number is only applicable for 3 devices. After filling up the serial number, users are ready to revive the dinosaurs: Ankylosaurus - Apatosaurus - Brachiosaurus - Compsognathus - Dilophosaurus - Dimorphodon - Gallimimus - Giganotosaurus - Iguanodon - Kronosaurus - Pachycephalosaurus - Parasaurolophus - Pentaceratops - Plesiosaurus - Pteranodon - Rhamphorhynchus - Spinosaurus - Styracosaurus - Triceratops - Tyrannosaurus Rex Rotate, zoom in and out the Dinosaurs to see the actual details in 360-degree view by moving your device. Snap your wildest moment with the fiercely meat-eating T. Rex or armored Ankylosaurus using your front or back camera and share the fun with your friends. Enter the immersive virtual 360 tour that will take you back to the ancient times and see the Pterosaurs flying above your head. Enrich your sense of knowledge by accessing the 3D Library and catch glimpses of the history, features, interesting facts of each dinosaurs. Aside from grasping the short descriptions, you can also spot the origins of the dinosaurs from the enormous Sauropods to the tiny Compsognathus all over the globe, compare human body size with each dinosaurs, tap to see them in action, and share the knowledge to others.