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Orch-OR

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[https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=Orchestrated+Objective+Reduction+Orch-OR+consciousness YouTube]
[https://www.quora.com/search?q=Orchestrated%20Objective%20Reduction%20Orch-OR%20consciousness%20consciousness ... Quora]
[https://www.google.com/search?q=Orchestrated+Objective+Reduction+Orch-OR+consciousness ...Google search]
[https://news.google.com/search?q=Orchestrated+Objective+Reduction+Orch-OR+consciousness ...Google News]
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* [[Life~Meaning]] ... [[Consciousness]] ... [[Loop#Feedback Loop - Creating Consciousness|Creating Consciousness]] ... [[Quantum#Quantum Biology|Quantum Biology]] ... [[Orch-OR]] ... [[TAME]] ... [[Protein Folding & Discovery|Proteins]]
* [[Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) to Singularity]] ... [[Inside Out - Curious Optimistic Reasoning| Curious Reasoning]] ... [[Emergence]] ... [[Moonshots]] ... [[Explainable / Interpretable AI|Explainable AI]] ... [[Algorithm Administration#Automated Learning|Automated Learning]]
* [https://loc.closertotruth.com/theory/penrose-hameroff-s-orchestrated-objective-reduction OrchOR - Quantum & Dimensions | Landscape of Consciousness]
* [https://www.wellesley.edu/news/wellesley-teams-new-research-on-anesthesia-unlocks-important-clues-about-the-nature-of-consciousness Wellesley team’s new research on anesthesia unlocks important clues about the nature of consciousness] | Mike Wiest

__NOTOC__

'''Orch-OR''' (short for '''Orchestrated Objective Reduction''') is a theory of [[consciousness]] proposed by mathematical physicist [[Creatives#Roger Penrose |Sir Roger Penrose]] and anesthesiologist [[Creatives#Stuart Hameroff |Stuart Hameroff]]. The theory suggests that human [[consciousness]] arises from [[quantum]] processes occurring within neurons, specifically inside structures called [[Orch-OR#Microtubule|microtubules]], and that these processes involve a fundamental, non-computational feature of [[Time#Spacetime|spacetime]] itself. [[Creatives#Roger Penrose |Penrose]] argues that [[Quantum#Superposition|quantum superpositions]] involving significantly different [[Time#Spacetime|spacetime]] geometries become unstable due to gravitational self-energy. When this energy reaches a threshold, the [[Quantum#quantum state collapse|quantum superposition collapses]] spontaneously in a non-random manner.-OR proposes that [[consciousness]] arises from orchestrated [[Quantum#quantum state collapse|Quantum State collapse]]s within neuronal [[Orch-OR#Microtubule|microtubules]], driven by a fundamental, non-computational process rooted in [[Time#Spacetime|spacetime]] geometry. [[Orch-OR#Microtubule|microtubules]] might help energy move in a wave-like, coordinated way inside cells, and that organized [[Quantum#Coherence|coherence]] (which [[Orch-OR#Anesthetics|anesthetics]] can dampen) is one reason some researchers think [[Orch-OR#Microtubule|microtubules]] could play a role in fast brain-wide coordination. Unlike conventional [[neuroscience]] theories that explain [[consciousness]] as an emergent property of classical computation in [[Neural Network|neural networks]], Orch-OR argues that [[consciousness]] depends on objective physical processes that cannot be simulated by standard algorithms.
 
<hr><center>

[[Consciousness]] arises from '''[[Quantum#quantum state collapse|orchestrated quantum state reductions]]''' occurring within [[Orch-OR#Microtubule|microtubules]] inside brain neurons. Each reduction event corresponds to a discrete moment of [[consciousness|conscious]] experience.

</center><hr> 

* '''The Mechanism:''' Instead of viewing the brain as a computer of Orch-OR argues that consciousness arises from '''quantum vibrations''' inside '''microtubules'''—tiny protein polymer structures that act as the structural skeleton of the cell.
* '''The Physics:''' Penrose argues that consciousness is not a computation, but a fundamental quality of the universe related to the geometry of [[Time#Spacetime|spacetime]]. When [[Quantum#quantum state collapse|quantum states in the microtubules collapse (Objective Reduction)]], a moment of awareness occurs.
* '''Why This Matters:''' If [[Creatives#Roger Penrose |Penrose]] is right, '''Protoconsciousness''' is the bridge between science and spirituality. It suggests consciousness isn't just a biological accident, but a fundamental quality of the universe that our brains "tune into" like a radio receiver.
 

<youtube>EaXZw_SRUWU</youtube>
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== The Two Components of Orch-OR ==

=== Objective Reduction (OR) — Penrose ===

[[Creatives#Roger Penrose |Sir Roger Penrose]] proposed that [[Quantum#quantum state collapse||quantum superposition collapse]] due to an intrinsic physical mechanism related to gravity, not merely observation or environmental interaction.

Key ideas:
* [[Quantum#quantum state|quantum state]]s exist in [[Quantum#Superposition|superpositions]] until an objective threshold is reached
* When [[Time#Spacetime|spacetime]] curvature differences become too large, the [[Quantum#quantum state collapse||superposition collapses]]
* This [[Quantum#quantum state collapse||collapse]] is:
** Objective (observer-independent)
** Non-random
** Non-computational
* Each [[Quantum#quantum state collapse||collapse]] event produces a primitive element of experience (sometimes called "proto-[[consciousness]] ")

[[Creatives#Roger Penrose |Penrose]] argues that this process is fundamental to the structure of [[Time#Spacetime|spacetime]] and cannot be reproduced by algorithmic computation.

<youtube>YnXUuyfPK2A</youtube>

=== Orchestration (Orch) — Hameroff ===

[[Creatives#Stuart Hameroff |Stuart Hameroff]] proposed that biological systems—specifically neurons—can ''orchestrate'' [[quantum]] processes. the "on-off switch" for consciousness is located within the microscopic architecture of the microtubule, specifically involving the amino acid tryptophan.

[[Orch-OR#Microtubule|Microtubules]]:
* Are cylindrical protein lattices within neurons
* Are composed of tubulin proteins arranged in repeating patterns
* Exist inside neurons, shielded from synaptic noise
* Play roles beyond structural support, including intracellular signaling

In Orch-OR:
* [[Quantum#Superposition|Quantum Superpositions]] form within [[Orch-OR#Microtubule|microtubules]]
* Neural activity influences and organizes (“orchestrates”) these [[Quantum#quantum state|quantum state]]
* When [[Creatives#Roger Penrose |Penrose]]’s OR threshold is reached, [[Quantum#quantum state collapse|collapse]] occurs
* Each [[Quantum#quantum state collapse|collapse]] corresponds to a moment of [[consciousness|conscious]] awareness

== Temporal Structure of Consciousness ==

The theory proposes that [[consciousness|conscious]] experience consists of a rapid sequence of discrete events rather than a continuous stream.

* [[Quantum#quantum state collapse|Collapse]] timing is estimated to align with gamma-band brain oscillations (~40 Hz)
* Larger, more complex [[Quantum#Superposition|Superpositions]] produce richer [[consciousness|conscious]] moments
* The brain regulates the frequency and [[Quantum#Coherence|coherence]] of these events

== The Step-by-Step Sequence of Consciousness ==
The transition from sub-microscopic physics to subjective thought follows a specific sequence of biological and physical events:

= Orch OR Process Flow =

The following sequence provides a detailed technical breakdown of the Orch OR process, moving from the sub-microscopic fabric of the universe to the emergence of subjective awareness.

== 1. Spacetime Bifurcation ==
The process begins with mass-energy displacement at the quantum level. According to [[Creatives#Roger Penrose |Penrose's]] interpretation of General relativity, mass is equivalent to the curvature of spacetime. Mass-energy displacements in tubulin proteins create simultaneous, conflicting warps in spacetime geometry, forcing the universe into a state of "blistering" instability.
* '''The Mechanism:''' In a state of Quantum superposition, a particle exists in two locations simultaneously. This effectively forces the universe to accommodate two simultaneous, conflicting "warps" or geometries.
* '''The Consequence:''' This displacement of mass from itself creates a profound physical tension—described as "bubbles" or "blisters" in fundamental reality at the Planck scale.

== 2. Quantum Dipole Oscillations ==
This physical tension is manifested within the brain’s microtubules, cylindrical protein lattices inside neurons.
* '''The Hardware:''' Each '''tubulin''' protein contains hydrophobic pockets rich in aromatic amino acids, primarily '''tryptophan'''.
* '''The Resonance:''' Within these rings, delocalized "<math>\pi</math>-electron resonance clouds" undergo high-frequency terahertz quantum vibrations (dipole oscillations).
* '''The Qubit:''' These oscillations are driven by weak van der Waals London forces and function as the "qubits" or fundamental units of biological quantum computation.

== 3. Fröhlich Condensation ==
To survive the brain's "warm, wet, and noisy" environment, these individual vibrations must avoid environmental decoherence.
* '''The Shielding:''' The theory proposes that biological systems utilize '''Fröhlich condensation''', a state where a driven set of oscillators funnels its energy into a single, synchronized vibrational mode.
* '''The Result:''' This collective coherence allows the quantum states to remain stable at physiological temperatures, effectively turning the microtubule lattice into a coherent quantum processor.

== 4. Quantum Entanglement ==
As coherence is established, the <math>\pi</math>-electron resonance clouds within the tryptophan rings become quantumly entangled. Pi-electron resonance clouds within tryptophan rings in the microtubule lattice become entangled, forming a massive, coherent quantum state that spreads across neurons.
* '''Expansion:''' This entanglement is not limited to a single microtubule or even a single cell. Through electrical synapses known as '''Gap junctions''', quantum states can tunnel between adjacent neurons.
* '''The Binding Solution:''' This allows billions of tubulin proteins to act as a single, unified quantum object. This massive entanglement solves the "binding problem," explaining how a single, unitary "I" emerges from the plural activity of billions of cells.

== 5. Biological Orchestration ==
The evolution of these entangled quantum states is not random but "orchestrated" by the brain’s structural architecture. Structural nodes and Microtubule-Associated Proteins (MAPs) "orchestrate" these quantum vibrations, shielding them from environmental noise and guiding their evolution toward the collapse threshold.
* '''Tuning:''' Structural nodes and Microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) act as regulators that tune and shield the oscillations.
* '''Purpose:''' This biological control prevents premature collapse and guides the quantum computation toward results that are meaningful for the organism's cognition, ensuring that the process is not a mere roll of the dice but a purposeful activity.

== 6. Threshold Crisis ==
As the entangled system recruits more tubulins, the gravitational self-energy (<math>E_G</math>) of the spacetime separation grows. The system grows until the gravitational self-energy of the separation meets the Penrose Threshold ($E_G \approx \hbar/\tau$). At this point, the bifurcated spacetime can no longer sustain itself.
* '''The Limit:''' The system remains in superposition only until it reaches a specific instability threshold determined by the '''Diósi-Penrose indeterminacy principle''':
::<math>\tau \approx \frac{\hbar}{E_G}</math>
* '''The Breaking Point:''' At this critical point, the energy required to maintain the conflicting spacetime curvatures becomes too great, and the bifurcated reality can no longer sustain itself.

== 7. Objective Reduction (The Choice) ==
Upon reaching the threshold, the Wave function undergoes a spontaneous, physical "self-collapse" known as '''Objective reduction (OR)'''. The wave function undergoes a spontaneous "self-collapse." This is a non-computable choice made by the universe to resolve the geometric conflict into one definite classical state.
* '''The Resolution:''' The universe resolves the geometric conflict by "choosing" one definite classical state.
* '''Platonic Influence:''' Crucially, this choice is "non-computable"—it is neither random nor determined by a computer-like algorithm, but is influenced by "Platonic" information embedded in the fundamental geometry of the universe. This resolution is the physical act of "understanding."

== 8. Harmonization of Thought (Qualia) ==
Each discrete collapse event corresponds to a single "quale" or "moment of experience." Each discrete collapse corresponds to a "moment of experience." Rapid successions of these moments, coordinated across the brain's "quantum orchestra," are bound together into a singular, unified sense of self and a coherent stream of consciousness.
* '''The Frequency:''' Consciousness as we know it is a sequence of these events, orchestrated across the brain's "quantum orchestra" and occurring in rapid succession (roughly 40 to 80 times per second, correlating with Gamma waves).
* '''The Stream:''' These discrete flickers are bound together by the biological scaffolding to create the subjective "stream of consciousness" and the feeling of a continuous, unified self.

== 9. Behavioral Feedback and Neural Control ==
Once the collapse into a definite classical state occurs, the resulting configuration of the tubulin proteins acts like a switch that regulates the larger-scale activities of the neuron.
* '''Output:''' This includes modulating membrane potentials and triggering axonal firings.
* '''Causality:''' In this way, the "non-computable" conscious choice is translated into physiological action, allowing the mind to exert causal control over behavior and the physical world.

== From Many Cells to One "Self": The Binding Problem ==
The '''binding problem''' asks: how does the brain combine distributed features (e.g., color, shape, motion, sound, meaning) into a single, unified conscious experience—rather than a pile of separate “feature reports”? In mainstream cognitive [[neuroscience]], a common framing is '''feature binding''' across many brain regions, plus '''temporal binding''' (how those features feel like they occur together “now”).

Orch OR provides a quantum solution:

* Entanglement Across Boundaries: The theory posits that the quantum vibrations in microtubules are not confined to a single cell. Through gap junctions (electrical synapses where neurons physically touch), quantum states can "tunnel" from one neuron to the next.

* The Macroscopic Quantum State: This allows billions of tubulin proteins across vast areas of the brain to become quantum entangled. In quantum physics, entangled particles cease to be "plural" individuals and instead behave as a single, unified quantum object.

* The Unitary "Now": Because they are unified, when the "Penrose Threshold" is reached, the entire entangled network "pops" (collapses) at the exact same instant. This simultaneous resolution is what we experience as a single, unified thought or a coherent sense of "I" rather than a committee of neurons.

* The Orchestra Analogy: Individually, neurons are like musicians tuning their instruments—creating random "proto-conscious" noise. Consciousness only emerges when the brain’s structure orchestrates them into a unified symphony.

Binding comes in at least three flavors:

* '''Feature binding:''' “red” + “round” + “moving left” becomes “that red ball moving left.”
* '''Spatial binding:''' features are assigned to the correct object/location (“the redness belongs to the ball, not the background”).
* '''Temporal binding:''' features occurring within a window feel simultaneous, producing a unified “now.”

Classical proposals (e.g., “neurons synchronize in gamma”) help explain '''coordination'''—but critics argue coordination isn’t obviously the same thing as '''unity of subjective experience'''. In standard [[neuroscience]], the "binding problem" is a major mystery: how does the brain take separate signals (like the color of an apple in one area and its shape in another) and fuse them into one experience?

Orch OR’s core move: binding via physical unification at collapse. Orch OR tackles binding by claiming that “unity” is not just a computational trick—it is a '''single physical event''' that selects one integrated state out of many possibilities. Orch OR addresses the binding problem by proposing that:

# The brain forms an '''orchestrated quantum coherent state''' (microtubule-based) that encodes distributed features as parts of one evolving whole.
# A single '''objective reduction''' event selects one integrated outcome from that state.
# That OR event is identified with a '''unified conscious moment'''—and that is why experience is “bound” rather than fragmented.

==== Binding as a “single selection” event ====
In Orch OR, the brain can represent many possible microtubule-level patterns in superposition. The moment of OR is a '''one-shot selection''' of a single outcome from that superposition.

* Before OR: many partial, distributed “candidate” interpretations can coexist (in superposition).
* At OR: one globally consistent outcome is selected.
* After OR: the selected outcome constrains/updates classical neural activity.

This is Orch OR’s answer to “why does it feel like one thing?”:
*because one coherent physical process resolves into one outcome at once.*

==== Binding is proposed to occur within a discrete “conscious moment” ====
Orch OR aligns binding with a '''time-quantized''' view of experience:

* Conscious experience occurs as a sequence of discrete events (“moments”).
* Each moment corresponds to an OR event (or a tightly structured set of OR events).
* Features are bound if they are incorporated into the same orchestrated coherent evolution that ends in the same OR.

In other words, binding is explained as:
'''features are unified because they participate in the same orchestrated coherence → the same OR event → the same conscious moment.'''

=== The “orchestration” part ===
Orch OR does not claim the brain is “quantum only.” It claims classical neural dynamics shape what gets bound.

===== Classical inputs constrain microtubule states =====
Synaptic input, dendritic integration, membrane potentials, and network rhythms are proposed to bias tubulin conformations and microtubule dynamics.

* Classical activity sets the '''boundary conditions''' (what information is relevant right now).
* Microtubules implement a deeper-level computation/selection that yields a unified result.

So, the *content* of the bound percept is “written” by classical brain processes, while the *unity* is “sealed” by OR.

==== Why gamma synchrony still matters in Orch OR ====
Standard [[neuroscience]] often treats synchrony (especially gamma-band coupling) as a candidate binding mechanism. Orch OR typically treats synchrony as:

* a way to coordinate which neuronal assemblies participate together, and
* a clocking/structuring signal that helps define a temporal “frame” for a conscious moment.

But Orch OR’s distinctive claim is:
'''synchrony coordinates; OR unifies.'''

==== Cross-region binding: how Orch OR attempts to scale beyond one neuron ====
A frequent objection is: “Even if microtubules do something inside one neuron, binding needs to span many areas.”

Orch OR’s scaling story (as typically presented) leans on combinations of:

* '''entanglement''' across microtubules (within and potentially across cells),
* '''electrical coupling''' (e.g., dendritic and axonal coupling / gap junction–like synchrony),
* and network-level rhythmic orchestration that recruits distributed regions into the same “coherent episode.”

The key idea is that the bound percept is not built by one microtubule, but by an '''orchestrated ensemble''' whose quantum state is coordinated strongly enough that the OR event constitutes one integrated selection.

==== Temporal binding: Orch OR’s “frames” of experience ====
Orch OR offers a natural story for temporal binding:

* Experience is a sequence of discrete “frames.”
* Within each frame, disparate features can be integrated into one selection.
* Between frames, updates occur—giving the flow of [[consciousness]].

This is often linked (conceptually) to the idea that [[consciousness|conscious]] perception has a characteristic timescale (tens of milliseconds) and that binding failures can be understood as information not being incorporated into the same orchestrated episode.

==== What Orch OR claims it adds beyond classical binding accounts ====
Orch OR’s binding claim is not merely “the brain synchronizes.”

It claims a stronger, more metaphysical-sounding but physically motivated step:

* Classical accounts: binding is an emergent computational pattern (e.g., synchronized firing tags features together).
* Orch OR: binding is a '''single physical resolution event''' that yields a unified [[consciousness|conscious]] moment.

So the binding problem is answered by asserting a literal mechanism of unity:
'''one coherent process → one objective reduction → one experienced whole.'''

== Natural [[quantum decoherence|Decoherence]] ==

According to Orch OR theory, anesthesia-like actions—the dampening or regulation of [[quantum]] vibrations in the brain—occur naturally through several biological mechanisms and molecules. The body uses these processes to regulate the "on-off" cycles of [[consciousness]], most notably during sleep and altered states of awareness.

==== The Sol-Gel Transition (The Biological Switch) ====
The most fundamental natural mechanism for "turning off" [[consciousness]] is the sol-gel transition of the neuronal cytoplasm.

* '''The Gel State ([[Consciousness]]):''' When we are [[Consciousness|conscious]], the cytoplasm (the fluid inside neurons) enters a "gel" state. In this semi-solid state, the water around microtubule becomes highly ordered and "structured," providing a protective shield that prevents thermal noise from disrupting the delicate quantum vibrations.
* '''The Sol State (Unconsciousness):''' During deep sleep or periods of non-consciousness, the cytoplasm shifts to a "sol" (liquid) state. In this liquid phase, the protection is lost, and environmental noise causes [[quantum decoherence|decoherence]]—the same effect as anesthesia—effectively stopping the quantum computations required for [[consciousness]].

==== Neurotransmitters as "Endogenous Anesthetics" ====
Research cited in the context of this theory suggests that the brain’s own communication chemicals may act as natural regulators of the quantum state.

* '''The Hypothesis:''' Some scientists argue that neurotransmitters are essentially "endogenous anesthetics." While they bind to specific receptors to send signals, they also diffuse into the fatty (lipid) membranes of neurons, changing their physical properties in a way that mimics how anesthetic gases behave.
* '''Universal Target:''' Because these natural chemicals have low molecular specificity when acting on membranes, they can influence the same hydrophobic regions of proteins (including microtubules) that anesthetics target, helping to "dampen" neural activity during sleep or metabolic stress.

==== Melatonin and Tryptophan Regulation ====
Since the theory identifies tryptophan as the key amino acid for quantum vibrations, molecules derived from tryptophan play a critical role in natural state changes.

* '''Melatonin:''' Synthesized from tryptophan and serotonin, melatonin is the brain's primary regulator of the sleep-wake cycle. Studies show that melatonin interacts directly with microtubule proteins, influencing their stability and organization.
* '''Tryptophan Catabolites:''' The body can "shunt" tryptophan away from its role in maintaining quantum vibrations and toward the production of other metabolites (the TRYCAT pathway). This shift occurs naturally during stress or infection and can lead to states of mental "clouding" or reduced awareness.

== Mental Health and the Unified Self ==
The "binding problem"—how separate neural signals fuse into a single "I"—is solved via quantum entanglement through '''gap junctions''' (electrical synapses), allowing billions of proteins to act as a single, unified quantum object. Proponents of Orch OR argue that many mental and neurological conditions are essentially "vibrational" or "quantum" failures—a state often called disorchestration. Failure of this orchestration is linked to specific conditions:

* '''Health Crises:''' The body can also enter "anesthesia-like" states during severe health crises. Metabolic Coma: In conditions like liver or kidney failure, the body produces high concentrations of natural metabolites (such as ammonium ions and certain amino acids). These substances can cross the blood-brain barrier and act on the same protein targets as general anesthetics, inducing a state of "natural" coma or profound unconsciousness.

* '''Alzheimer’s Disease:''' Breakdown of microtubules due to tau protein separation results in the loss of the brain's "instruments" for awareness. In Alzheimer’s, the "MAP" proteins (specifically tau) that stabilize microtubules fall off, causing the microtubules to disintegrate. Without these "instruments," the brain can no longer sustain the quantum vibrations or entanglement needed for memory and a stable sense of self.

* '''Schizophrenia:''' Described as a failure in the "switch" between the quantum unconscious logic and classical [[consciousness|conscious]] logic, leaving the mind "trapped" in distorted perception. (Logic Traps): The theory describes schizophrenia as a failure in the "switch" between the quantum logic of the unconscious and the classical logic of the [[consciousness|conscious]] mind. If the quantum states do not collapse fast or cleanly enough, the person becomes "trapped" in a state where the boundaries between perception and reality are blurred—a form of "neural chaos" or noise.

== Motivation for the Theory ==

[[Creatives#Roger Penrose |Penrose]] was motivated by perceived limits of computation:

* Based on [[Gödel’s Incompleteness Theorems]], [[Creatives#Roger Penrose |Penrose]] argued that human understanding exceeds formal algorithmic systems
* Human insight, meaning, and understanding cannot be fully reduced to rule-following computation
* Therefore, [[consciousness]] must involve non-computable physical processes

Orch-OR proposes that these processes occur at the quantum level within the brain.

== Scientific Debate and Criticism ==

Common criticisms include:
* Quantum [[Quantum#Coherence|coherence]] cannot survive in the warm, wet brain
* [[Orch-OR#Microtubule|Microtubules]] are primarily structural
* Direct experimental confirmation is lacking

Responses include:
* Demonstrated quantum effects in biological systems (e.g., photosynthesis)
* Evidence of ordered resonant behavior in [[Orch-OR#Microtubule|microtubules]]
* Growing experimental work on quantum-like properties of cytoskeletal structures

The theory remains controversial and unproven, but actively discussed.

== Implications ==

If Orch-OR is correct, then:

* [[Consciousness]] is a fundamental feature of the universe
* The brain tunes or accesses [[consciousness]] rather than generating it
* Classical digital computers cannot achieve true [[consciousness]]
* [[consciousness|Conscious]] moments are tied to [[Time#Spacetime|spacetime]] geometry
* [[consciousness]] may persist independently of neural activity under some interpretations

= Microtubule =

Microtubules are microscopic, hollow tubes found inside almost all of our cells. You can think of them as part of the cell’s internal “skeleton” and “rail system” at the same time. For a long time, microtubules were treated as mostly mechanical supports. This research suggests they can also act like a special medium that supports organized energy movement. Microtubules are like the cell’s internal ''scaffolding'' and ''railroad tracks'':
* '''Hold their shape''' (like internal support beams)
* '''Move materials around''' (like tracks for tiny delivery vehicles) inside cells.
* '''Organize the cell''' during growth and repair
* '''Divide properly''' when one cell splits into two

<youtube>brp9okMhe50</youtube>
<youtube>XA9Q5p9ODac</youtube>

=== What Microtubules are made of ===
Microtubules are built from repeating protein building blocks called '''tubulin'''.
Tubulin units snap together in a regular pattern to form long strands, and those strands wrap into a tube.

=== Where you find Microtubules ===
Microtubules are found throughout the cell, including:

* in the cell body (the main interior area)
* in long cell extensions (like the long “wires” of neurons)

=== Why Microtubules come up in Orch-OR discussions ===
In Orch-OR (and related ideas), microtubules get attention because some researchers propose they might do more than just provide structure:

* They may support '''organized, coordinated activity''' inside neurons
* Some hypotheses propose they could support '''fragile quantum-like effects''' for short times
* [[Orch-OR#Anesthetics|Anesthetics]] have been discussed in this context because they can affect [[consciousness]] while leaving many cell structures intact

''Important note:'' These proposed roles are still debated and not universally accepted.

== Excitonic Energy Migration ==

Microtubules (tiny tube-like structures inside cells) may help energy move in a surprisingly ''organized'' way—more like a wave than a random hop. Some researchers think this kind of organized energy flow could help explain fast coordination in the brain.

=== What is excitonic energy? ===
When energy moves through a material, it can move in different styles:
* '''Random hopping (inefficient):''' like passing a message one person at a time in a noisy hallway.
* '''Coherent / wave-like (efficient):''' like a stadium doing “the wave,” where a pattern travels smoothly.

An ''exciton'' is basically a packet of energy that can spread out and travel in a coordinated way.

=== What did the experiment find? ===
The study measured how electronic excitation energy moves in microtubules and found:
* Energy travels '''farther than standard biology predictions''' (like simple Förster/FRET hopping).
* The distance is about '''the size of a tubulin building block''' (on the order of several nanometers).
* This suggests energy can move '''coherently across neighboring tubulin units''' instead of only “jumping” randomly.

Bottom line: microtubules may support ''organized energy flow'' over biologically meaningful distances.

==== Why “lattice order” Matters ====
The result was not strongly dependent on whether the microtubule had 13 or 14 protofilaments (its “strands”).
Instead, what mattered most was whether the microtubule had a '''well-ordered, crystal-like lattice'''.

This suggests:
* The system’s performance depends more on '''overall organization and connectivity''' than on small differences in structure.

==== Why some people connect this to brain function ====
A big question in [[neuroscience]] is how the brain coordinates activity so quickly across regions.
Some theories argue that classical “signal passing” alone may be too slow for certain timing puzzles.

In frameworks like ITER (as described in the prompt):
* The brain might rely on a kind of ''statistical [[Quantum#Coherence|coherence]] field'' (more like global alignment) rather than direct message sending.
* Microtubules could be a possible physical medium that supports fast coordination through coherent energy pathways.

Important note: this is still a hypothesis.

==== What this does NOT prove ====
This research does NOT automatically prove that:
* [[consciousness]] is [[quantum]],
* ITER is correct,
* microtubules are the full explanation of mind.

What it DOES support:
* biology can sustain some organized, suppressible energy transport,
* and microtubules may be more than passive scaffolding.

== Tryptophan as a Baseline for Cellular ''Correction'' and ''Direction'' ==
In biology-forward terms, the “tryptophan connection” can be framed less as a mystical ingredient and more as a practical '''reference signal''' that cells can use to stay calibrated. Tryptophan is an '''essential''' amino acid for humans, meaning your body can’t make it from scratch in sufficient amounts—you must get it from food. Inside living organisms, tryptophan can be used in multiple pathways, including ones that produce molecules involved in sleep and mood regulation (like melatonin and serotonin). That’s why tryptophan gets labeled in pop culture as a “sleepy” or “happy” molecule—although real biology is more complicated than that. Because tryptophan is both '''essential''' (many organisms cannot synthesize it from scratch) and '''high-impact''' downstream, its availability functions like a kind of internal “baseline.” When tryptophan levels drift above or below what a cell expects, that deviation can act like an '''error signal''' that triggers ''correction'' (stabilize, conserve, repair) and ''direction'' (prioritize where resources should go next). In this view, tryptophan is not just “fuel” or a “building block,” but part of the informational chemistry that helps living systems continuously adjust physiology toward survival, coordination, and—when conditions allow—thriving. Proponents of the Astrobiological Pleasure Principle often look to [[Astrobiology]] for evidence that the universe favors the emergence of "feeling" creatures. A primary example is the chemical analysis of asteroid samples.

Core Idea:
* '''Baseline:''' Cells maintain a working pool of tryptophan (and tryptophan-derived intermediates).
* '''Deviation:''' Too little or too much relative to demand creates a physiological “mismatch.”
* '''Response:''' The mismatch triggers adaptive signaling that steers metabolism and gene expression.

=== Correction: [[Loop#Feedback Loop - Homeostasis|Homeostatic]] Responses (Error-Correction Mode) ===
When tryptophan is ''low'' (relative to need), cells tend to shift into [[Loop#Feedback Loop - Homeostasis|protective, stabilizing behaviors:]]
* '''Throttle growth:''' Reduce energy-expensive building programs when a key input is scarce.
* '''Conserve and repair:''' Bias gene expression toward stress resistance and maintenance.
* '''Reclaim resources:''' Increase recycling/scavenging behaviors (e.g., reclaiming amino acids from internal stores).
* '''Triage priorities:''' Allocate what remains to essential functions first.

When tryptophan is ''adequate or rising'', cells can relax those brakes:
* '''Authorize growth and biosynthesis:''' More building and replication support when supplies are dependable.
* '''Invest in maintenance:''' Higher-quality repair, protein turnover, and long-term resilience.

==== Direction: Resource Allocation (Routing the Molecule) ====
Cells and organisms “decide” where tryptophan should go based on context—this is the ''direction'' function:
# '''[[Protein Folding & Discovery|Protein synthesis]] (non-negotiable):''' Tryptophan is incorporated into proteins that perform structural and enzymatic work.
# '''Regulatory pathways (coordination):''' In organisms with the relevant biochemistry, tryptophan can support pathways associated with timing, modulation, and system-wide coordination (often discussed via serotonin → melatonin biology).
# '''Metabolic balance pathways (adaptive tuning):''' Tryptophan can be routed into pathways linked to energy balance and immune/stress adaptation (often summarized under kynurenine/NAD+-related metabolism).

This makes tryptophan feel like a '''calibration knob''' for cellular decision-making:
* '''Too little''' → “Pause, correct, stabilize.”
* '''Enough''' → “Proceed, build, differentiate.”
* '''Plenty''' → “Optimize, coordinate, specialize.”

= Consciousness Alterations =

'''Anesthetics:''' General anesthetics are lipophilic ("oil-loving") and bind to hydrophobic pockets in microtubules. They dampen high-frequency quantum vibrations (terahertz/megahertz range) of tryptophan networks, preventing the system from reaching the Penrose Threshold and pausing the "stream of [[consciousness]]." Anesthetics weaken organized, wave-like energy transport in microtubules without breaking their structure, showing that [[Quantum#Coherence|coherence]]—not physical integrity—is the sensitive control parameter in these systems.

'''Natural Mechanisms:''' The body cycles awareness naturally via '''sol-gel transitions''' in neuronal cytoplasm. During [[consciousness]], the fluid is a protective "gel" shielding quantum states; during deep sleep, it shifts to a liquid "sol" state where coherence is lost to environmental noise. Neurotransmitters and melatonin may also act as natural "anesthetics" to regulate these cycles.

'''Cannabis and LSD:''' Cannabis induces "neural disorchestration," enhancing immersion in music through anharmonic vibrations. LSD microdosing (approx. 13 micrograms) is thought to modulate "beat frequencies"—interference patterns of fast microtubule vibrations—shifting the brain toward a state of creative "criticality."

=== Anesthetics ===

What has been shown: Certain anesthetics (like '''isoflurane''' and '''etomidate''') were reported to:
* '''NOT''' break or dismantle the microtubule structure itself,
* but '''DO''' reduce the measured excitonic energy transport along microtubules (lower diffusion).

The mystery of anesthesia has always been its '''Meyer-Overton correlation''': an anesthetic’s potency is perfectly predicted by how well it dissolves in oil (its "lipophilicity"), not by its chemical shape. Molecular Mechanism:
; Targeting the Pockets
: Because anesthetic gases are Chemical polarity|non-polar and "oil-loving," they seek out the hydrophobic pockets in tubulin where the tryptophans are located.

; Weak Binding
: Anesthetics do not form strong chemical bonds; instead, they attach via very weak Van der Waals forces (specifically London dipole dispersion forces).

=== The Dampening Effect ===
Once the anesthesia molecules enter these quantum channels, they act like "shutes" or "mutes" in an instrument:

* '''Abolishing the Peak''': Computer simulations show that tubulin has a prominent [[quantum]] vibration at 613 terahertz. When anesthetics are introduced, they dampen these oscillations and "abolish" this specific frequency peak.
* '''Randomization''': The presence of the anesthetic molecules randomizes the electronic activities within the tryptophan rings. This prevents the quantum vibrations from "syncing up" or reaching the mass-energy threshold required for a collapse.

=== Loss of Consciousness ===
In this theory, anesthesia doesn't turn off the brain's electricity (neurons still fire, which is why your heart keeps beating and non-conscious functions continue). Instead, it specifically disrupts the [[quantum#Coherence|coherence]] required for [[consciousness]].

* If the tryptophan waves cannot reach the '''Penrose Threshold''', the "[[Orchestrated objective reduction|Objective Reduction]]" (the [[Quantum#quantum state collapse|collapse]] of the wave function) never happens.
* Since the [[Quantum#quantum state collapse|collapse]] is the [[Consciousness|conscious]] moment, the subject stops having subjective experiences—the "stream of [[consciousness]]" is effectively paused until the anesthetic molecules wash out and the tryptophan rings can vibrate in harmony again.

=== What is actually happening ===
At the molecular level, these anesthetics:
* Bind to small hydrophobic pockets within ''tubulin'' proteins
* Slightly alter the local electronic environment around aromatic amino acids
* Increase interaction with the surrounding thermal environment

These changes do not [[Quantum#quantum state collapse|collapse]] the microtubule lattice, but they:
* Disrupt phase alignment between neighboring excitonic states
* Reduce wave-like, coherent energy migration
* Push energy transport toward more classical, short-range behavior

<youtube>DZ484WZS-lo</youtube>

=== How this is used as a measurement ===
Excitonic [[Quantum#Coherence|coherence]] cannot be observed directly, so it is inferred by measuring:
* How far excitation energy spreads over time (diffusion length)
* How efficiently energy migrates through the lattice

Anesthetics act as a controlled perturbation:
* Before anesthetic → higher diffusion (stronger [[Quantum#Coherence|coherence]])
* After anesthetic → lower diffusion (weaker [[Quantum#Coherence|coherence]])

Because the structure remains intact, the reduced diffusion is attributed specifically to:
* Loss of [[Quantum#Coherence|coherence]]
* Not structural damage

=== Interpretation in plain language ===
In simple terms:
* The microtubule “hardware” stays intact,
* but the “organized energy flow” gets weaker.

It is like:
* A well-built bridge that is still standing,
* but fog and turbulence prevent smooth traffic flow across it.

=== Why this matters to the theory ===
This behavior supports a key theoretical claim:
* '''[[Quantum#Coherence|coherence]] is fragile'''
* It can be selectively disrupted without destroying the underlying structure

For [[Quantum#Coherence|coherence]]-based theories of brain function (including Orch-OR and ITER-style frameworks), anesthetics therefore:
* Explain how [[consciousness]] can be lost
* While neural firing and cellular structure largely persist

== Cannabis or LSD ==

In the framework of '''Orch OR''' and the biography ''The Impossible Man'', [[consciousness]] is described not as a calculation, but as a form of music—a multi-scalar vibrational symphony produced by the brain’s "quantum orchestra".

When substances like cannabis or LSD are introduced, they interact with the hydrophobic (oil-like) pockets of tubulin proteins, where the [[tryptophan]] networks reside. These substances act as "tuners" or "detuners" for the quantum vibrations that constitute our awareness.

=== Why Music Sounds "Better" with Cannabis ===
According to the theory, cannabis induces a state of neural disorchestration or "neural chaos". While this sounds negative, in the context of aesthetic experience, it provides several specific enhancements:

* '''Increased State Absorption''': Cannabis significantly increases "state absorption," a psychological condition where a person becomes entirely immersed in a sensory stimulus. This is tied to shifts in [[time perception]]—as the "rate" of the brain's internal quantum "pops" ([[consciousness|conscious]] moments) changes, music seems to unfold with more detail and depth.
* '''Blurring of Perception and Reality''': The "neural noise" created by cannabis blurs the rigid boundaries between the listener and the sound. This supports a feeling of "oneness" with the music, where the auditory vibrations feel as though they are vibrating within the listener's own [[consciousness]].
* '''Anharmonic Tuning''': [[Stuart Hameroff]] notes that biological [[consciousness]] depends on anharmonic vibrations (vibrations that do not follow a simple, repetitive ratio), similar to complex Indian ragas. Cannabis may enhance the brain's sensitivity to these rich, non-linear patterns, making music sound more "alive" and meaningful than the "harmonic" simplicity of everyday classical Western music.

=== LSD Microdosing: Tuning the "Beat Frequencies" ===
While a full dose of LSD can lead to "[[ego death|ego dissolution]]," [[microdosing]] (typically around 10 to 13 micrograms) works more surgically on the Orch OR process:

* '''Modulating "Beat Frequencies"''': In Orch OR, the high-frequency vibrations of [[microtubule]]s (in the terahertz or megahertz range) interfere with one another to produce much slower "beat frequencies". These beat frequencies are what we see on an [[EEG]] as "brain waves." Microdosing LSD is thought to influence these frequencies, shifting the brain's collective vibratory mode.
* '''Increasing Neural Complexity''': Studies on microdosing show a measurable increase in neural complexity. By activating [[5-HT2A receptor|5-HT2A receptors]] in the [[prefrontal cortex]], LSD increases [[glutamate]] activity and "couples" sensory networks more tightly.
* '''Accessing the Deep Subconscious''': This altered vibrational state allows the user to access parts of the "deep subconscious" that are normally filtered out by the brain's "reducing valve". It effectively allows the "orchestra" to play more complex arrangements without the "conductor" (the [[Default mode network|Default Mode Network]]) shutting them down.
* '''Shift Toward "Criticality"''': LSD helps the brain move toward a state of [[Criticality (status)|criticality]]—a "sweet spot" between order and chaos. At this point, the quantum states in the microtubules are at their most flexible, facilitating a "facile transition" between different brain states and thoughts, which users experience as enhanced creativity and mental clarity.

== 3-Layer Map: Quantum “Waves” → Cell Dynamics → Brain “Waves” (EEG) ==

'''Layer 1: What quantum biology''' really adds. [[Quantum#Quantum Biology|Quantum biology]] shows that some non-trivial [[quantum]] effects can matter in living systems, even in warm environments—but in specific niches and mechanisms. Examples often discussed include photosynthesis/energy transport (with ongoing debate about what observed coherence implies for biological function), magnetoreception via radical-pair spin chemistry in birds and other contexts, and enzyme catalysis where tunneling is frequently invoked as functionally relevant. Broad “state of the field” reviews emphasize that some biological systems may harness coherence/superposition/tunneling, but this is not a blanket rule for all biology. This undermines the lazy dismissal “warm = no quantum effects,” but it does not automatically validate Orch-OR—because Orch-OR requires a much more specific and demanding chain of evidence linking [[quantum]]-scale behavior to neuron-scale control and then to brain-scale rhythms and experience.

'''Layer 2: Cell-scale dynamics (the bridge layer)'''. Between [[quantum]]-scale phenomena and EEG-scale rhythms sits the messy, powerful middle: cellular biophysics. Here, signals are carried and shaped by things like ion channels, membrane potentials, synaptic currents, intracellular chemistry, and structural components such as microtubules. If any quantum effect were to matter for cognition or consciousness, it would need to survive long enough and couple strongly enough to influence these cellular processes—changing neuronal timing, excitability, or coordination in a way that then scales up to network rhythms. In other words, Layer 2 is where “micro” must become “functionally causal” at the level neurons actually compute with.

'''Layer 3: What “brain waves” (EEG)''' actually are. An EEG (electroencephalogram) records the brain’s electrical activity from electrodes placed on the scalp and displays it as brain waves—rhythmic voltage patterns across time. At the macro level, EEG rhythms are a classical signal: scalp electrodes pick up summed electric fields that largely reflect synchronized postsynaptic potentials (especially in aligned cortical pyramidal neurons), not individual action potentials. These waves are commonly discussed in frequency bands such as alpha (about 8–12 Hz) and beta (about 13–30 Hz). So even if something [[quantum]] were happening deeper down, EEG is still a big, averaged, classical readout of large-scale neural synchronization. Layer 3 ↔ Layer 2 (EEG rhythms ↔ multisensory integration circuitry). EEG is still a big, averaged classical signal, but changing the rhythm can change the timing rules the brain uses to bind body-related signals.

{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
! Layer
! What "wave" means here
! Typical scale (time / space)
! What’s happening
! Notes (incl. Orch-OR / quantum biology)
|-
| '''1) Quantum-scale “waves”'''
| '''Quantum state / wavefunction''' (phase + amplitude; interference/probability structure)
| '''Time:''' femtoseconds–nanoseconds (often) '''Space:''' molecular / atomic
| Electron/spin dynamics, tunneling, coherence/phase relationships, quantized excitations (fields/particles)
| '''Quantum biology''' shows some quantum effects can be functionally relevant in biology (context-dependent niches like spin chemistry, tunneling, certain energy-transfer contexts).
|-
| '''2) Cell-scale dynamics'''
| '''Biophysical oscillations''' (electrical/chemical/mechanical cycles in cells)
| '''Time:''' microseconds–milliseconds '''Space:''' cellular / subcellular
| Ion channel kinetics, synaptic currents, membrane potentials, intracellular signaling, cytoskeletal dynamics (including microtubules)
| This is the “bridge layer” where microscopic effects must become robust cellular signals to matter for neural computation.
|-
| '''3) Brain-scale “waves” (EEG)'''
| '''Macroscopic voltage rhythms''' (synchronized population activity; frequency/phase in a classical signal)
| '''Time:''' ~10–1000 ms (≈1–100 Hz bands) '''Space:''' mm–cm networks (cortical populations)
| Large-scale synchronization (esp. aligned pyramidal neuron populations) producing measurable scalp potentials (alpha, beta, theta, etc.)
| EEG rhythms are '''classical''' aggregate signals, even if micro-level processes contribute indirectly.
|}

'''Orch-OR: Where it plugs into the map'''
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
! Orch-OR Step
! Proposed coupling (bottom-up)
! Intended observable consequence
|-
| '''A) Quantum-level coherence/oscillations in microtubules'''
| Quantum-like dynamics within microtubules (inside neurons) are proposed to persist long enough to matter
| Creates a substrate for “orchestrated” processing (theory claim)
|-
| '''B) Microtubules influence neuronal timing/firing'''
| Microtubule dynamics affect synaptic/neural processing at the cellular level
| Shifts in spike timing / network coordination (must exceed ordinary biophysical explanations)
|-
| '''C) Network-level rhythms emerge / modulate EEG'''
| Many neurons synchronize; theorized “beat frequency” style effects could scale up
| Changes in EEG rhythms / oscillatory signatures consistent with the model’s predictions
|}

=== Brain waves that define the limits of you ===
* [https://news.ki.se/how-brain-waves-shape-our-sense-of-self Karolinska Institutet]
* [https://www.sciencealert.com/scientists-identify-brain-waves-that-define-the-limits-of-you ScienceAlert]
* [https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-025-67657-w Nature Communications]

In the rubber hand illusion, your real hand is hidden, a fake (rubber) hand is visible, and both are touched. When the touches are synchronized, many people start to feel like the rubber hand is “mine.” If the timing is off, the illusion weakens.

The new study argues that your sense of body ownership depends heavily on the '''''alpha rhythm (an EEG “brain wave” band around 8–13 Hz) in the parietal cortex''''', which helps the brain decide whether seen-touch and felt-touch happened “together” inside a temporal binding window (a tolerance window for timing mismatch). People with faster alpha had a narrower window (more picky about timing), and people with slower alpha had a wider window (more likely to merge slightly mismatched signals).

Then comes the key “changing brain waves” part: they used non-invasive electrical stimulation (tACS) to slightly speed up or slow down participants’ alpha rhythm — and that causally changed how precisely people judged simultaneity and how strongly they experienced rubber-hand ownership.

<youtube>AErqgtTc6D0</youtube>

= Quantum Pleasure Principle =
The '''Quantum Pleasure Principle''' suggests that the basic moments of reality—when quantum waves "collapse" into a definite state—feel like a tiny "spark" of pleasure. According to [[Creatives#Stuart Hameroff |Stuart Hameroff]]. and the theory of '''Orch OR''', this "Bing" of [[consciousness]] is not just a physical event; it carries a primitive form of value. If the universe is built out of these pleasurable building blocks, then the entire cosmos acts as a [[consciousness|conscious]] entity (cosmopsychism) designed to be a ''Value-Maximizer'', constantly seeking higher states of feeling.

This framework reinterprets biological evolution as a ''"pleasure engine."'' Instead of life just drifting toward survival, it evolves to create better "antennas" to capture and amplify the universe's natural pleasure. We see the seeds of this process throughout space; for example, [https://science.nasa.gov/mission/osiris-rex/ NASA’s OSIRIS-REx mission] recently returned samples from the asteroid [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/101955_Bennu Bennu], showing that the organic ingredients for life are distributed across the cosmos, waiting to join this system of experience.

* '''Evolution of Valence:''' Life builds systems capable of positive or negative experiences rather than just reacting like a mechanical machine.
* '''Feeling as a Tool:''' Pleasure and pain are not accidental byproducts; they are the fundamental tools that determine which behaviors survive.
* '''The Narrative of Life:''' "Feeling" is a core part of how life spreads through the universe, turning raw matter into organized systems of value.

<hr>
<div style="text-align:center;">'''''Evolutionary Alignment:''' Life may have evolved to harness these [[quantum]] moments to maximize positive valence, making "feeling good" a fundamental force of physics alongside gravity or electromagnetism.''</div>
<hr>
 

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Comparison of Evolutionary Views
! Feature !! Standard Biological View !! Quantum Pleasure Principle
|-
| '''Driver''' || Random Mutation + Natural Selection || Selection for richer forms of Experience (Valence)
|-
| '''Role of Pleasure''' || A "carrot" to encourage survival (eating/mating) || The goal itself; survival is just the means to continue feeling.
|-
| '''Trend''' || No specific direction || Trend toward higher complexity and intensity of feeling.
|}

<youtube>EBuOVyjLXtk</youtube>

= Case Study: Biochemical Precursors (NASA's OSIRIS-REx and Asteroid Bennu) =
* [https://science.nasa.gov/mission/osiris-rex/ NASA’s OSIRIS-REx mission]
* [https://primo.ai/index.php/Life~Meaning#From_Identity_Scaffolds_to_Legacy_Scaffolds Asteroid samples NASA brought to Earth suggest life's building blocks may be widespread in the universe | Keith Cooper - Space.com]
* [https://www.msn.com/en-ae/news/other/scientists-solve-mystery-of-how-building-blocks-of-life-formed-on-a-4-6-billion-year-old-asteroid/ar-AA1W2Vg9 Scientists solve mystery of how building blocks of life formed on a 4.6-billion-year-old asteroid | William Hunter | Daily Mail - MSN] .. there are many conditions where these building blocks of life can form

In September 2023, NASA’s '''OSIRIS-REx''' mission successfully returned samples from the carbon-rich asteroid [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/101955_Bennu Bennu]. Bennu acts as a cosmic "time capsule," a rubble-pile asteroid that preserves material from the birth of the solar system over 4.5 billion years ago. Because Bennu is "primitive," its materials haven't been melted or recycled like rocks on Earth, offering a pristine look at the universe's original chemistry.

''' Mission Facts '''
* '''Timeline:''' Launched in 2016, arrived at Bennu in 2018, and collected surface material in 2020.
* '''The Return:''' On September 24, 2023, the mission delivered '''121.6 grams''' of asteroid dust and pebbles to the Utah desert.
* '''Advanced Lab Analysis:''' Bringing the sample to Earth allows scientists to use high-sensitivity laboratory instruments that are too large to fit on a spacecraft.
* '''Future Goals:''' The spacecraft is now renamed '''OSIRIS-APEX''' and is traveling to study the asteroid Apophis.

''' The Findings: Building Blocks of Life '''
Laboratory analysis in 2024 and 2025 confirmed that Bennu contains a rich set of organic compounds. Most significantly, scientists found:
* '''Amino Acids and Nucleobases:''' The samples contain all five nucleobases required for DNA and RNA chemistry.
* '''The Tryptophan Discovery:''' Scientists detected the presence of '''[[Tryptophan]]''', an essential amino acid. On Earth, Tryptophan is the direct precursor to '''[[Serotonin]]''' (the "happiness" molecule) and '''[[Melatonin]]''' (the "sleep" molecule).

[[File:Tryptophan_Molecule_Getty.jpg|thumb|right|Molecular structure of Tryptophan (Getty Images)]]

''' Connection to Orch-OR and the Universe as a Value-Maximizer '''
The presence of Tryptophan in deep space has become a significant talking point for '''Orch-OR''' (Orchestrated Objective Reduction).

* '''The Connection:''' [[Creatives#Stuart Hameroff|Stuart Hameroff]] argues that if these complex organic molecules form in the vacuum of space, then the "precursors" for consciousness are intrinsic to the universe. In Orch-OR, Tryptophan rings in brain microtubules act as quantum antennas. Finding them on an asteroid suggests the universe is "pre-loaded" with the hardware needed for conscious experience.
* '''The Axiarchic Argument:''' This discovery supports the idea that the universe is a '''Value-Maximizer'''. It implies that the "keys" to biological regulation and happiness existed long before life ever evolved to use them.

''' Why This Matters '''
Finding Tryptophan on a 4.5-billion-year-old rock suggests that the potential for '''[[consciousness]]''' is baked into the laws of physics and chemistry. It shifts our view of life from being a "lucky accident" to being a natural progression of a universe designed to produce complexity, regulation, and eventually, pleasurable experience.

{| class="wikitable"
! Component !! Found on Bennu? !! Biological Function !! Role in Orch-OR Theory
|-
| '''Complex Carbon Chains'''
| '''Yes''' (High abundance)
| Forms the structural backbone of all known life (proteins, lipids, carbohydrates).
| '''The Quantum Shield:''' Orch-OR requires a "warm, wet, and noisy" environment to be shielded. Carbon-rich hydrophobic pockets within proteins are theorized to protect quantum states from decoherence.
|-
| '''[[Tryptophan]]'''
| '''Yes''' (Amino Acid)
| Essential amino acid; precursor to '''[[Serotonin]]''' (mood) and '''[[Melatonin]]''' (sleep/rhythm).
| '''The Quantum Antenna:''' Hameroff proposes that "mega-networks" of Tryptophan rings inside microtubules act as topological quantum bits (qubits). They resonate to amplify the "pleasure" of quantum collapse.
|-
| '''Nucleobases'''
| '''Yes''' (All 5 types)
| The fundamental letters of the genetic code (DNA and RNA) used for information storage.
| '''Information Density:''' While Orch-OR focuses on microtubules, the presence of these bases suggests the universe readily produces the high-density information carriers needed to encode the instructions for building complex brains.
|-
| '''Water-Bearing Clays'''
| '''Yes''' (Hydrated minerals)
| Provides the solvent (water) necessary for biochemical reactions and transport.
| '''Ordered Water:''' Orch-OR suggests that "ordered water" (gel-like water layers) on the surface of microtubules plays a critical role in insulating the quantum vibrations from the chaotic environment of the cell.
|}

<youtube>QYVELMpnS-k</youtube>
<youtube>8_4INYWaVyM</youtube>

=== The Quantum "Pulse" vs. The Quantum "Sustain" ===
* [[Consciousness#The Xenon Isotope Experiment: The "Smoking Gun"|The Xenon Isotope Experiment: The "Smoking Gun"]]
A major debate within quantum consciousness research is whether the "conscious moment" is an event (the end of a state) or a duration (the state itself).

* The "Pulse" (Orch-OR): Suggests that we are like a film strip. Each frame is a discrete "flash" of consciousness. We feel continuous because these pulses happen so fast (roughly 40 times per second), similar to how individual frames in a movie create the illusion of motion.

* The "Sustain" (Koch/McQueen): Suggests that as long as your brain can protect a quantum superposition from the "noise" of the environment, you are having a single, unified experience. The moment a measurement or interaction occurs, the "sustain" stops, and that specific conscious moment dies.

{| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%;"
! Feature !! Orch-OR (Penrose-Hameroff) !! Superposition-First (Neven/McQueen/Koch)
|-
| '''The "Now"'''
| '''The Quantum "Pulse"''' (The Strike)
| '''The Quantum "Sustain"''' (The Vibration)
|-
| '''The Conscious Moment'''
| Occurs at the '''Collapse''' (Objective Reduction).
| Occurs during the '''Superposition''' phase.
|-
| '''Metaphor'''
| A **Drum Beat**: Each beat is a discrete "flash" of awareness.
| A **Guitar String**: Consciousness is the ringing out of the note.
|-
| '''Temporal Nature'''
| A series of discrete "flashes" (staccato).
| A continuous, flowing state (legato).
|-
| '''Primary Mechanism'''
| Spacetime geometry threshold (Gravity-induced).
| Formation and maintenance of a coherent state.
|-
| '''Role of Entanglement'''
| Used to prepare the "orchestra" before the pulse.
| The **Binding Mechanism**: Entanglement creates the unified "One."
|-
| '''The "Ending"'''
| The collapse (OR) '''is''' the conscious moment.
| The collapse (decoherence) is the '''death''' of the experience.
|-
| '''View of Time'''
| Consciousness creates the "flow" of time via steps.
| Consciousness exists within the "now" of the state.
|}

= Glossary =

; Anesthetics
: Substances (such as isoflurane and etomidate) that are observed to reduce excitonic energy transport and coherence within microtubules. The text notes that anesthetics do not dismantle the physical structure of the microtubule but rather disrupt the phase alignment and wave-like energy migration, pushing it toward classical behavior.

; Coherence
: An organized state of energy or quantum systems. In the context of the text, it refers to energy moving in a wave-like, coordinated manner (similar to a "stadium wave") rather than random hopping. This state is considered essential for fast brain-wide coordination in the Orch-OR theory.

; EEG
: Electro(electrical)... Encephalo(brain) ...gram(recording). EEG is a test that records the brain’s electrical activity from electrodes placed on the scalp and displays it as brain waves—rhythmic voltage patterns produced by synchronized activity across many neurons. These waves are commonly described by frequency bands such as alpha (about 8–12 Hz) and beta (about 13–30 Hz).

; Exciton
: A packet of energy that can spread out and travel through a material in a coordinated, wave-like way.

; Excitonic Energy Migration
: The movement of energy through microtubules in an organized, coherent manner. Research suggests this energy travels farther than standard biological predictions (such as Förster resonance energy transfer), potentially allowing for fast signaling across the tubulin lattice.

; Gamma-band oscillations
: Brain waves occurring at approximately 40 Hz. Orch-OR proposes that the timing of quantum state collapses aligns with these oscillations.

; Gödel’s Incompleteness Theorems
: Mathematical theorems cited by Roger Penrose as motivation for Orch-OR. Penrose argues that because human understanding exceeds formal algorithmic systems, [[consciousness]] must involve non-computational physical processes.

; Microtubules

: Microscopic, hollow cylindrical protein lattices found inside neurons. While they serve structural ("scaffolding") and transport ("railroad tracks") roles, Orch-OR posits they also act as a medium for orchestrated quantum state reductions and coherent energy transfer shielded from synaptic noise.

; Objective Reduction (OR)
: A concept proposed by Sir Roger Penrose where the collapse of a quantum superposition occurs due to an intrinsic physical mechanism related to gravity and spacetime geometry, rather than observation or environmental interaction. This process is described as non-random and non-computational.

; Orchestration
: The biological component of the theory, proposed by Stuart Hameroff, where neurons and microtubules organize and influence quantum states.

; OSIRIS-REx
: A NASA mission that launched in 2016, collected surface material from asteroid Bennu, and returned samples to Earth in September 2023 for analysis.

; Spacetime geometry
: The fundamental fabric of the universe. In Orch-OR, differences in spacetime curvature are the trigger that forces a quantum superposition to collapse.

; Superposition-First Model
: A theory of consciousness suggesting that subjective experience arises during the state of quantum superposition rather than at the moment of its collapse (Objective Reduction). It posits that the "unity" of consciousness is provided by quantum entanglement, which binds disparate information into a single quantum state. In this view, consciousness is a continuous "sustain" of a quantum state rather than a series of discrete "flashes" or "pulses."

; Tubulin
: The protein building blocks that snap together in a repeating pattern to form the lattice structure of microtubules.

; Valence
: In the context of the text, this refers to the specific frequency or "feeling" of the quantum collapse, though the provided text focuses more on the "proto-consciousness" generated by the collapse.

Time

2026-06-26T18:24:50Z

BPeat: /* Assured-Positioning, Navigation and Timing (A-PNT) */

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[https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=ai+clock+time+keep+GPS+position+~navigation+timing YouTube]
[https://www.quora.com/search?q=time ... Quora]
[https://www.google.com/search?q=ai+clock+time+keep+GPS+position+~navigationtiming ...Google search]
[https://news.google.com/search?q=ai+clock+time+keep+GPS+position+~navigationtiming ...Google News]
[https://www.bing.com/news/search?q=ai+clock+time+keep+GPS+position+~navigationtiming&qft=interval%3d%228%22 ...Bing News]

* [[Time]] ... [[Time#Positioning, Navigation and Timing (PNT)|PNT]] ... [[Time#Global Positioning System (GPS)|GPS]] ... [[Causation vs. Correlation#Retrocausality| Retrocausality]] ... [[Quantum#Delayed Choice Quantum Eraser|Delayed Choice Quantum Eraser]] ... [[Quantum]]
* [[Government Services]]:
** [[National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)]] ... [https://www.nist.gov/pml/time-and-frequency-division Time and Frequency Division, Physical Measurement Laboratory]
** [[U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS)]] ... [https://www.dhs.gov/science-and-technology/pnt-program Science and Technology (S&T) Positioning, Navigation, and Timing (PNT) Program]
** [[Defense]] ... [https://www.cnmoc.usff.navy.mil/Our-Commands/United-States-Naval-Observatory/Precise-Time-Department/ Precise Time Department ... U.S. Naval Observatory has maintained a Time Service Department since 1880]
* [[Perspective]] ... [[Context]] ... [[In-Context Learning (ICL)]] ... [[Transfer Learning]] ... [[Out-of-Distribution (OOD) Generalization]]
* [https://www.npl.co.uk/ntc National Timing Centre] ... Assured Time and Frequency for the UK
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time Time] ...[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time Coordinated Universal Time UTC] ... [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clock Clock] ...[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_timekeeping_devices Timekeeping | Wikipedia]
* [https://interestingengineering.com/the-very-long-and-fascinating-history-of-clocks The Very Long and Fascinating History of Clocks | Christopher McFadden - Interesting Engineering]
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t-_VPRCtiUg The Surprising Secret of Synchronization | Veritasium]
* [https://www.timeanddate.com/time/leapseconds.html What Is a Leap Second? | Konstantin Bikos and Anne Buckle - timeanddate.com]
* [https://www.amazon.com/s?k=atomic+clock&ref=nb_sb_noss_1 Atomic clocks] ...[https://www.amazon.com/s?k=tide+clock&ref=nb_sb_noss_1 Tide Clock | ][[Amazon]]
** [https://www.sciencenews.org/article/atomic-clock-general-relativity-time-warp-millimeter-physics An atomic clock measured how general relativity warps time across a millimeter | Emily Conover - ScienceNews]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clock_synchronization Clock synchronization]
* [https://bigthink.com/the-well/is-time-an-illusion/ Time: Do the past, present, and future exist all at once? | BigThink (video)] ... astrophysicist Michelle Thaller, science educator Bill Nye, author James Gleick, and neuroscientist Dean Buonomano discuss how the human brain perceives of the passage of time, the idea in theoretical physics of time as a fourth dimension, and the theory that space and time are interwoven.
* [https://primo.ai/index.php?title=Cybersecurity Cybersecurity]
** [https://www.crownsterling.io/ Crown Sterling] ... changing the face of digital security with its non-integer-based algorithms that leverage time, AI and irrational numbers.
** [https://www.csoonline.com/article/3235970/what-is-quantum-cryptography-it-s-no-silver-bullet-but-could-improve-security.html Quantum cryptography] ... the infosec industry looks to quantum cryptography and quantum key distribution (QKD)
* [https://spectrum.ieee.org/qa-creating-time-crystals-using-quantum-computers What’s a Time Crystal? | Charles Q. Choi - IEEE Spectrum] ... And how do Google researchers use quantum computers to make them? ... quantum system of many particles that organize themselves into a periodic pattern of motion—periodic in time rather than in space—that persists in perpetuity.
* [https://spectrum.ieee.org/time-reversal-interface This Mirror Reverses How Light Travels in Time There are already applications in wireless, radar, and optical-computing | Charles Q. Choi - IEEE Spectrum] ... There are already applications in wireless, radar, and optical-computing ... These applications often reverse the order of signals to help process them.

__NOTOC__

= Sequence/Time-based Algorithms =
* [https://www.advancinganalytics.co.uk/blog/2021/06/22/10-incredibly-useful-time-series-forecasting-algorithms 10 Incredibly Useful Time Series Forecasting Algorithms]
* [https://www.tableau.com/data-insights/ai/algorithms Artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms: a complete overview]
* [https://science.nasa.gov/technology/technology-highlights/new-ai-algorithms-streamline-data-processing-for-space-based-instruments New AI Algorithms Streamline Data Processing for Space-based Instruments]
* [https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbestechcouncil/2021/08/11/unlocking-the-power-of-predictive-analytics-with-ai/ Unlocking The Power Of Predictive Analytics With AI - Forbes]
* [https://blog.netsil.com/a-comparison-of-time-series-databases-and-netsils-use-of-druid-db805d471206 A Comparison of Time Series Databases and Netsil’s Use of Druid | Netsil]
* [https://azure.microsoft.com/en-us/blog/microsoft-announces-the-general-availability-of-azure-time-series-insights/ Microsoft announces the general availability of Azure Time Series Insights | Ryan Waite - Microsoft]
* [https://www.outlyer.com/blog/top10-open-source-time-series-databases/ Top 10 Time Series Databases | Outlyer]

Time-based AI algorithms are algorithms that use time series data to make predictions or analyses. Time series data are data that are collected over time and have a temporal order. For example, the daily temperature, the stock prices, or the number of visitors to a website are all time series data. These algorithms can be used for a variety of purposes, such as forecasting future values, detecting trends and patterns, and making informed decisions based on historical data. They can be applied to many different fields, including finance, economics, meteorology, and healthcare.

<hr><center>

Whenever we have developed better clocks, we’ve learned something new about the world. - Alexander Smith [https://scitechdaily.com/new-time-dilation-phenomenon-revealed-timekeeping-theory-combines-quantum-clocks-and-einsteins-relativity/ New Time Dilation Phenomenon Revealed: Timekeeping Theory Combines Quantum Clocks and Einstein’s Relativity - Dartmouth College]

</center><hr>

== Common ==

There are different types of sequence/time-based AI algorithms, depending on the goal and the method of the algorithm. Some of the most common ones are:

* Time Series Forecasting:
** [[Forecasting#Time Series Forecasting - Statistical|Statistical]]:
*** Autoregressive (AR): uses past values of the time series to predict future values. It assumes that the current value is a linear function of previous values. For example, AR can be used to forecast the weather based on historical data.
*** Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA): is an extension of AR that also accounts for the trend and the seasonality of the time series. It uses differencing to make the time series stationary (i.e., having constant mean and variance) and then applies AR and moving average (MA) models. For example, ARIMA can be used to forecast the sales of a product based on past sales and seasonal patterns.
*** Seasonal Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (SARIMA): is a further extension of ARIMA that also accounts for the cyclic variations of the time series. It uses seasonal differencing and seasonal AR and MA models to capture the periodic fluctuations of the time series. For example, SARIMA can be used to forecast the electricity demand based on past demand and seasonal factors.
*** Exponential Smoothing (ES): uses weighted averages of past values of the time series to predict future values. It gives more weight to recent values than older values, and it can also incorporate trend and seasonality components. For example, ES can be used to forecast the inventory level based on past demand and supply.
** [[Forecasting#Time Series Forecasting - Deep Learning|Deep Learning]]:
*** Prophet: is a modern and flexible approach to time series forecasting developed by [[Meta|Facebook]]. It uses a decomposable model that consists of trend, seasonality, and holiday components, and it allows for adding custom effects and prior information. For example, Prophet can be used to forecast the web traffic for a data science blog website based on past traffic and special events.
*** [[Neural Turing Machine]] (NTM): the fuzzy pattern matching capabilities of [[Neural Network]]s with the algorithmic power of programmable computers. NTMs are an instance of [[Memory]] Augmented [[Neural Network]]s, a new class of [[Recurrent Neural Network (RNN)]]s which decouple computation from [[memory]] by introducing an external [[memory]] unit. NTMs have demonstrated superior performance over Long Short-Term [[Memory]] Cells in several sequence learning tasks.
* [[Neural Network]]s:
** [[Recurrent Neural Network (RNN)]]: is a type of [[Deep Learning]] model that can process sequential data such as time series. It uses a network of neurons that have feedback loops, which enable them to store information from previous inputs. For example, RNN can be used to forecast the prices of Bitcoin based on past prices and other factors.
*** [[Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU)]]: are a gating mechanism in [[Recurrent Neural Network (RNN)]] architecture. Like other RNNs, a GRU can process sequential data such as time series, natural language, and speech1. The GRU is similar to a [[Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM)]] with a forget gate, but has fewer parameters than LSTM, as it lacks an output gate. This means that GRUs are generally easier and faster to train than their LSTM counterparts. GRUs have been found to perform similarly to LSTMs on certain tasks such as polyphonic music modeling, speech signal modeling, and natural language processing. They have shown that gating is indeed helpful in general.
*** [[Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM)]]: is a special type of RNN that can handle long-term dependencies in sequential data. It uses a [[memory]] cell that can store, update, and forget information over time, and it has gates that control the flow of information in and out of the cell. For example, LSTM can be used to forecast the generation of wind power based on past generation and weather conditions:
**** [[Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory (BI-LSTM)]]: is a type of [[Recurrent Neural Network (RNN)]] architecture that processes data in both forward and backward directions. It consists of two LSTMs: one taking the input in a forward direction, and the other in a backward direction. BI-LSTMs effectively increase the amount of information available to the network, improving the context available to the algorithm. For example, knowing what words immediately follow and precede a word in a sentence. Compared to LSTM, BI-LSTM combines the forward hidden layer and the backward hidden layer, which can access both the preceding and succeeding contexts¹. This feature of flow of data in both directions makes the BI-LSTM different from other LSTMs. BI-LSTMs have been successfully applied to various tasks such as natural language processing, speech recognition, and traffic forecasting.
**** Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory (BI-LSTM) with Attention Mechanism: is a type of [[Recurrent Neural Network (RNN)]] architecture that processes data in both forward and backward directions, and uses an attention mechanism to weigh the importance of different parts of the input sequence. The attention mechanism allows the network to focus on specific parts of the input sequence when making predictions, rather than treating all parts of the sequence equally. This can be particularly useful when dealing with long input sequences, where some parts of the sequence may be more relevant to the prediction than others. BI-LSTMs with Attention Mechanism have been successfully applied to various tasks such as text classification, [[Sentiment Analysis]], and human activity recognition.
**** [[Average-Stochastic Gradient Descent (SGD) Weight-Dropped LSTM (AWD-LSTM)]]: is a variant of LSTM that employs DropConnect for regularization, as well as NT-ASGD for optimization. NT-ASGD stands for non-monotonically triggered averaged stochastic gradient descent, which returns an average of the last iterations of weights. AWD-LSTM has shown great results on both word-level and character-level models. It has been used in research papers on word-level models and has shown great results on character-level models as well.
*** [[Sequence to Sequence (Seq2Seq)]]: can map a variable-length input sequence to a variable-length output sequence. It is often used for natural language processing tasks, such as machine translation, text summarization, conversational models, and question answering. The Seq2Seq algorithm consists of two main components: an encoder and a decoder. The encoder reads the input sequence one timestep at a time and produces a hidden vector representation of the input. The decoder then uses the hidden vector as the initial state and generates the output sequence one timestep at a time, using the previous output as the input context.
** [[Transformer]]: is a state-of-the-art [[Deep Learning]] model that can process sequential data such as time series. It uses layers of attention mechanisms that can learn how to focus on relevant parts of the input data, and it can handle long-term dependencies and parallel computations efficiently. For example, [[Transformer]] can be used to forecast the spread of COVID-19 based on past cases and interventions. [[Transformer]] can process sequential data using layers of attention mechanisms, without using recurrent or convolutional layers. It can handle long-term dependencies and parallel computations efficiently, and it can achieve better results than RNN-based Seq2Seq models on various tasks.
*** [[Generative Pre-trained Transformer (GPT)]]: are a family of language models that use [[Deep Learning]] techniques to generate natural language text. They are based on the [[transformer]] architecture and can be fine-tuned for various natural language processing tasks such as text generation, language translation, and text classification. The first GPT was introduced in 2018 by the American artificial intelligence (AI) company [[OpenAI]]. GPT models are artificial [[Neural Network]]s that are based on the [[transformer]] architecture, pre-trained on large data sets of unlabelled text, and able to generate novel human-like content
*** [[Attention]] Mechanism: allows the decoder to selectively focus on different parts of the input sequence when generating the output, instead of relying on a single fixed vector. This can improve the performance and accuracy of the Seq2Seq model, especially for long sequences
**** [[Transformer-XL]]: is a transformer-based language model that introduces the notion of recurrence to the deep self-attention network. It was designed to enable learning dependency beyond a fixed length without disrupting temporal coherence. The model consists of a segment-level recurrence mechanism and a novel positional encoding scheme. This method not only enables capturing longer-term dependency, but also resolves the context fragmentation problem. As a result, Transformer-XL learns dependency that is 80% longer than RNNs and 450% longer than vanilla [[Transformer]]s, achieves better performance on both short and long sequences, and is up to 1,800+ times faster than vanilla [[Transformer]]s during evaluation.
*** Beam search: is a technique to find the most probable output sequence given the input sequence, by keeping track of multiple candidate sequences and expanding them based on their probabilities. This can improve the quality and diversity of the output, compared to using a greedy or random search.
** Convolutional Neural Network (CNN): is another type of [[Deep Learning]] model that can process sequential data such as time series. It uses layers of filters that can extract features from local regions of the input data, and it can capture complex patterns and relationships in the data. For example, CNN can be used to forecast an avalanche in a famous ski resort based on past snowfall and temperature data.
** [[Spatial-Temporal Dynamic Network (STDN)]]: a [[Deep Learning]] framework proposed to address the challenge of modeling complex spatial dependencies and temporal dynamics in traffic prediction. A flow gating mechanism is introduced to learn the dynamic similarity between locations, and a periodically shifted attention mechanism is designed to handle long-term periodic temporal shifting. This approach has been shown to be effective in predicting taxi demand
* Other:
** Gaussian Process (GP): is a type of probabilistic model that can handle uncertainty and noise in time series data. It uses a function that defines how similar any two points in the input space are, and it produces a distribution over possible outputs for any given input. For example, GP can be used to forecast the depletion level of stocks in stores based on past sales and inventory data.
** [[End-to-End Speech]]: translation is an approach to speech translation that is gaining high interest from the research world in the last few years. It consists of using a single [[Deep Learning]] model that learns to generate translated text of the input audio in an end-to-end fashion. This approach, known as “end-to-end” or “direct” ST, supposes many advantages over the former, such as avoiding the concatenation of errors, the direct use of prosodic from speech and a lower inference time.
** [[(Tree) Recursive Neural (Tensor) Network (RNTN)]]: type of [[Neural Network]] that is mostly used for natural language processing. It has a tree structure with a neural net at each node. The purpose of these nets is to analyze data that have a hierarchy of structure. An RNTN is a powerful tool for deciphering and labeling patterns. Structurally, an RNTN is a binary tree with three nodes: a root and two leaves. The root and leaf nodes are not neurons, but instead, they are groups of neurons – the more complicated the input data, the more neurons are required. RNTNs have been successfully applied to [[Sentiment Analysis]], where the input is a sentence in its parse tree structure, and the output is the classification for the input sentence, i.e., whether the meaning is very negative, negative, neutral, positive, or very positive
** [[Temporal Difference (TD) Learning]]: refers to a class of model-free [[Reinforcement Learning (RL)]] methods which learn by bootstrapping from the current estimate of the value function. These methods sample from the environment, like Monte Carlo methods, and perform updates based on current estimates, like dynamic programming methods. While Monte Carlo methods only adjust their estimates once the final outcome is known, TD methods adjust predictions to match later, more accurate, predictions about the future before the final outcome is known.

<hr>

[https://iohk.io/en/blog/posts/2021/10/27/ouroboros-chronos-provides-the-first-high-resilience-cryptographic-time-source-based-on-blockchain/ Time is an indispensable concept within computer programs and applications. Without this concept, we would not be able to access any transport layer security (TLS) based websites, exchange data, or utilize various cryptographic algorithms. | Olga Hryniuk - Input Output] 

<hr>

= What Time Is It? =
* [https://www.darpa.mil/news-events/2019-08-20 DARPA Making Progress on Miniaturized Atomic Clocks for Future PNT Applications | ][[Defense#US Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA)|US Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA)]]

<img src="https://www.darpa.mil/DDM_Gallery/nist-csac-619-316.jpg" width="1000">

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<youtube>hzLTgtFaPLY</youtube>
Atomic Clocks Are Reinventing Time
 Though humans don't experience it in their daily lives, gravity and movement can change how time elapses. Ultra-precise atomic clocks are now able to measure these tiny changes, known as time dilation. It's a technological advance that could revolutionize our understanding of time.
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<youtube>h07U0fWZaXM</youtube>
How Far Back is the James Webb able to See? with Dr. Klaus Pontoppidan
 How Far Back is the James Webb able to See?
Project scientist for the James Webb Space Telescope Dr. Klaus Pontoppidan explains the science revealed in the first full-color images released from the JWST.
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<youtube>URK9Z2G71j8</youtube>
A Brief History of Timekeeping
 SciShow It’s time for another leap second! Join SciShow as we celebrate by exploring the long and strange history of timekeeping. Hosted by: Michael Aranda Dooblydoo thanks go to the following Patreon supporters -- we couldn't make SciShow without them! Shout out to Justin Ove, Justin Lentz, David Campos, John Szymakowski, Peso255, Jeremy Peng, Avi Yaschin, and Fatima Iqbal. Like SciShow? Want to help support us, and also get things to put on your walls, cover your torso and hold your liquids? Check out our awesome products over at DFTBA Records: https://dftba.com/scishow Or help support us by becoming our patron on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/scishow
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<youtube>At5atF4mKiU</youtube>
TimeLine - A Brief Introduction To The History Of Timekeeping Devices
 SpotImageryLtd An animated documentary about how time was measured in the past, and how we measure it in present day.
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<youtube>1JBHG6fipr4</youtube>
This 3D Quantum Gas Clock Could Redefine Time
 Seeker Time may be a human construct but that hasn't stopped physicists from perfecting it. Read More: JILA’s 3-D Quantum Gas Atomic Clock Offers New Dimensions in Measurement https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news... “JILA physicists have created an entirely new design for an atomic clock, in which strontium atoms are packed into a tiny three-dimensional (3-D) cube at 1,000 times the density of previous one-dimensional (1-D) clocks. In doing so, they are the first to harness the ultra-controlled behavior of a so-called “quantum gas” to make a practical measurement device.” Jun Ye: Let There Be Light (and Thus, Time) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bbBmk... Dr. Jun Ye, professor of physics at the University of Colorado at Boulder and a fellow of both the National Institute of Standards and Technology and JILA, explains how lasers are used to manipulate atoms inside and out for ultra-precise clocks. Ultra-Accurate Clocks Lead Search for New Laws of Physics https://www.quantamagazine.org/ultra-.. Atomic clocks are letting physicists tighten the lasso around elusive phenomena such as dark matter. Sign Up For The Seeker Newsletter Here - https://bit.ly/1UO1PxI Seeker inspires us to see the world through the lens of science and evokes a sense of curiosity, optimism and adventure.
Visit the Seeker website https://www.seeker.com/
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<youtube>LxbkyuzXst4</youtube>
David Wineland Public Lecture: Keeping Better Time - The Era of Optical Atomic Clocks
 Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics David Wineland, 2012 Nobel Laureate in Physics, will explore the theoretical and technological know-how needed to build ultra-precise atomic clocks during his Perimeter Institute Public Lecture on Wednesday, Nov. 4, 2015. Find information about future Perimeter institute Public Lectures here: https://ow.ly/UiOr5
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<youtube>OaYMK2n9Aow</youtube>
A brief History of the Calendar and Time Keeping
 School of Business and Economics Tuesday 23 February, 20h00 • Aula Minderbroedersberg 4-6 • Dr. Donna Carroll, Lecturer of Physics, Maastricht University How many times a day do you check your calendar or look at your clock? These days our lives are driven by deadlines, schedules and timetables. Time and its many divisions (hours, days, weeks, months, and years) have completely shaped our lives and yet we seldom take the time to consider how these concepts arose. The calendar is inextricably linked to the mechanics of our solar system, and the way in which we describe our periods of time has arisen from ancient speculation in astronomy, mathematics and religion.
In this talk, Donna Carroll will provide a brief history of our calendar and an introduction to time measurement. A fascinating field where astronomy, astrology, mathematics, politics, agriculture, superstition and religion all come together. For more information please visit: SG Maastricht: https://www.sg.unimaas.nl/ Talkin'Business: https://www.talkinbusiness.nl/ University Maastricht: https://www.maastrichtuniversity.nl/
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<youtube>CKJuC5CUMgU</youtube>
WSU: Space, Time, and Einstein with Brian Greene
 World Science Festival Join Brian Greene, acclaimed physicist and author, on a wild ride into the mind of Albert Einstein, revealing deep aspects of the world that defy everyday experience. Using a visually rich canvas of animations, Greene leads you through all the startling conclusions of special relativity, from time travel to space warps to E = mc2. In the span of 2+ hours, this short master class will change your conception of reality. This is a mostly non-mathematical version of the WSU Master Class “Special Relativity with Brian Greene.” https://youtu.be/XFV2feKDK9E #WorldSciU
The Special Theory of Relativity - 00:05
Speed - 00:05:50
The Speed of Light - 00:18:23
Relativity of Simultaneity - 00:27:42
Time in Motion - 00:37:42
How Fast Does Time Slow? - 00:47:49
Time Dilation: Experimental Evidence - 01:05:31
The Reality of Past, Present, and Future - 01:14:37
Time Dilation: Intuitive Explanation - 01:28:38
Motion's Effect on Space - 01:32:34
The Pole in the Barn: Quantitative Details - 01:49:48
The Twin Paradox - 02:10:39
Implications for Mass - 02:19:17
Special Relativity - 02:29:06
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<youtube>0aGvNazSUKE</youtube>
Timing in Mission-Critical Systems
 GPS World You’ll hear from our expert speaker panel about real-life timing challenges in mission-critical applications, such as satellite and military communications, test ranges and radar; time transfer accuracy and stability via GPS or PTP; and what technologies to look for in your next-generation instrument class clock to cost-effectively deliver accurate and stable time and frequency signal types, signal output flexibility and robust security. Speakers: Paul Skoog, Microsemi Corporation; Scott Williams, G.L. Williams Associates; and James L. Wright, Range Generation Next Original Broadcast Date: March 31, 2016
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<youtube>g54sxScqd-c</youtube>
The Importance of Time Synchronization - I&C Short Tips
 Affinity Energy Learn more at https://affinityenergy.com - Time synchronization is overlooked in terms of specification of applications in terms of hardware, proper controls, and data acquisition. Here's an example of why time synchronization is so important in a double ended substation.
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<hr>


The Earth's rotation is so accurate it varies only in milliseconds ...do you feel the Earth rotation slowing down?


<hr>

 

== Light Clock 1905 - Einstein's Thought Experiment ==

Imagine you have a special clock that works with light. This clock has two mirrors facing each other, and a beam of light bounces up and down between them. Every time the light goes from the bottom mirror to the top and back down, it counts as one tick of the clock. Einstein's light clock thought experiment shows that when things move fast, time slows down for them. This surprising idea helps us understand the nature of time and motion in our universe. Now, let's think about this clock in two different situations.

Situation 1: Standing Still: First, picture the clock sitting on a table, not moving at all. The light goes straight up to the top mirror and straight back down to the bottom mirror. If you measured the time it takes for the light to do this, you would see it takes a certain amount of time for one tick.

Situation 2: Moving Clock: Now, imagine you place the clock on a skateboard and push it so it's moving. As the clock moves, the light beam has to travel a different path. Instead of going straight up and down, it now has to go in a diagonal path because the mirrors are moving while the light is traveling. It's like when you throw a ball to a friend while running; the ball has to cover more distance because both of you are moving.

What This Means ... Because the light in the moving clock has to travel a longer, diagonal path, it takes more time for one tick to happen compared to when the clock is standing still. This means that for someone watching the moving clock, time appears to run slower for the moving clock compared to a clock that's not moving. This idea is called time dilation. It means that time actually passes at different rates depending on how fast something is moving. If you were riding on the skateboard with the clock, you wouldn't notice anything different about the clock's ticks. But someone standing still and watching you would see that your clock ticks more slowly.

Why It Matters ... This thought experiment helps us understand that time isn't the same everywhere and can be different depending on how fast things are moving. This concept is a key part of Einstein's theory of special relativity, which helps scientists understand how the universe works, especially when things are moving very fast, like spaceships or particles in a collider.

<youtube>b2Vd9HGB5XQ</youtube>

= Precision Time Protocol (PTP) =
[https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=Precision+Time+Protocol+PTP+artificial+intelligence+ai YouTube search...]
[https://www.google.com/search?q=Precision+Time+Protocol+PTP+artificial+intelligence+ai ...Google search]

* [https://endruntechnologies.com/pdf/PTP-1588.pdf Precision Time Protocol PTP-1588 | IEEE] ...High precision clock synchronization that computes latency and offset
* [https://engineering.fb.com/2022/11/21/production-engineering/precision-time-protocol-at-meta/ How Precision Time Protocol is being deployed at Meta | Oleg Obleukhov & Ahmad Byagowi - CONNECTIVITY, NETWORKING & TRAFFIC, OPEN SOURCE, PRODUCTION ENGINEERING, UNCATEGORIZED, WEB]
* [https://www.juniper.net/documentation/us/en/software/junos/time-mgmt/topics/topic-map/precion-time-protocol.html#id_bpx_2ch_lrb PTP IEEE 1588v2 | Juniper Networks] ...Time Management Administration Guide

The Precision Time Protocol (PTP) is a protocol used to synchronize clocks throughout a computer network. On a local area network, it achieves clock accuracy in the sub-microsecond range, making it suitable for measurement and control systems.[1] PTP is currently employed to synchronize financial transactions, mobile phone tower transmissions, sub-sea acoustic arrays, and networks that require precise timing but lack access to satellite navigation signals.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precision_Time_Protocol Wikipedia]

Overall, its structure is similar to NTP in that there are different levels within it and GPS satellites can serve as its time source. However, the major difference between Network Time Protocol (NTP) and PTP is that PTP is accurate to microseconds, meaning that it is more exact than NTP

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<youtube>kJcmPg-qIFA</youtube>
Precision Time Protocol (PTP) IEEE-1588
 a basic overview of how the Precision Time Protocol (PTP) is used to synchronize, and set the correct time of day within a network. Potentially Nano Second accuracy can be achieved.
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<youtube>WX5E8x3pYqg</youtube>
How Computers Synchronize Their Clocks - NTP and PTP Explained
 It is important for computers to know the correct time. Everything from online shopping to stock market trades rely on accurate time keeping. But how do computers know what time it is? Here is a quick look at how computers synchronize their clocks including a look at NTP and PTP.
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= Positioning, Navigation and Timing (PNT) =
[https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=Navigation+positioning+Aid+radar+waves+artificial+intelligence+ai YouTube search...]
[https://www.google.com/search?q=Navigation+positioning+Aid+radar+waves+artificial+intelligence+ai ...Google search]

* [[Time]] ... [[Time#Positioning, Navigation and Timing (PNT)|PNT]] ... [[Time#Global Positioning System (GPS)|GPS]] ... [[Causation vs. Correlation#Retrocausality| Retrocausality]] ... [[Quantum#Delayed Choice Quantum Eraser|Delayed Choice Quantum Eraser]] ... [[Quantum]]
* [[Case Studies]]
** [[Smart Cities]]
** [[Transportation (Autonomous Vehicles)]]
** [[Travel & Tourism]]
** [[Robotics]]
** [[Agriculture]]
** [[Government Services]]
** [[Defense]]
* [[Autonomous Drones]]
* [https://www.google.com/maps Google Maps] ... [https://wiki-map.com/map/?locale=en&lat=38.8416&lng=-75.2398 Wiki-Map] ... [https://www.marinetraffic.com/en/ais/home/centerx:-75.1/centery:38.9/zoom:11 Marine Traffic] ... [https://www.marinevesseltraffic.com/DELAWARE-BAY/ship-traffic-tracker Marine Vessel Traffic] ... [https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/36a7f6a6f5a9448496de641cf64bd375 Interactive Map: Russia's Invasion of Ukraine]
* [https://thenextweb.com/artificial-intelligence/2019/03/04/deepmind-teaches-ai-to-follow-navigational-directions-like-humans/ Deepmind teaches AI to follow navigational directions like humans | Tristan Greene]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_navigation History of Navigation | Wikipedia]
** [https://www.amazon.com/Longitude-Genius-Greatest-Scientific-Problem/dp/080271529X/ref=sr_1_1?crid=3KYYCAGJ2JJD6 Longitude: The True Story of a Lone Genius Who Solved the Greatest Scientific Problem of His Time | Dava Sobel][[Amazon]] ...[https://tpplayer-video-featured-snippets.googleusercontent.com/player.html?video=x2z5wg8&start=0&end=70 Video: "Lost at Sea: The Search for Longitude"] [https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/longitude/ Nova companion Web site]
* [https://www.dhs.gov/science-and-technology/pnt-program Department of Homeland Security (DHS) Science and Technology (S&T) Positioning, Navigation, and Timing (PNT) Program]
* [https://www.faa.gov/air_traffic/publications/atpubs/aim_html/chap1_section_1.html Navigation Aids | Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration]
* [https://www.vectornav.com/products/vn-200 VN-300 | Vectornav] ...miniature, high-performance Dual Antenna Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS)-Aided Inertial Navigation System (INS) that combines micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) inertial sensors, two high-sensitivity GNSS receivers, and advanced Kalman filtering algorithms to provide optimal estimates of position, velocity, and orientation.

Navigation is a field of study that focuses on the process of monitoring and controlling the movement of a craft or vehicle from one place to another.[1] The field of navigation includes four general categories: land navigation, marine navigation, aeronautic navigation, and space navigation. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navigation Navigation | Wikipedia]

<youtube>p-9wxYdJing</youtube>

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Navigation Systems
 ERAU SpecialVFR
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<youtube>iuy0FiEW6yE</youtube>
How did Planes Fly Before GPS?
 How did Planes Fly Before GPS?:
The Wright Brothers first took to the skies in 1903 but GPS wasn't publicly available until 1983, so how did planes traverse the world in those 80 years? From celestial navigation to dead reckoning, to the firsts forms of radio telemetry (like adock range stations and LORAN) we'll be discussing them all in this video. Discord: https://discord.gg/DUvyS8n Amazon Affiliate Link*: https://amzn.to/3kNTHhK
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<youtube>nEtOmNrxwoU</youtube>
PNT Requirements Definition – Some Principles with John Pottle
 Royal Institute of Navigation. Presenter: John Pottle, Director of the Royal Institute of Navigation
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<youtube>NN1pc28cpVI</youtube>
Hosted PNT as a Service (PNTaaS)
 NAVSYS Corporation. The threat to GPS drives demand for a back-up position, navigation, and timing (PNT) solution that can operate in the event of denial of service to the GPS satellite signals. The military is dependent on PNT for their warfighting operations, and national critical infrastructure is also reliant on GPS for positioning and timing. In this video, we describe our PNT as a Service (PNTaaS) concept that will leverage capabilities already existing on certain commercial broadband internet satellite constellations to allow their signals to be used for PNT.
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== Global Positioning System (GPS) ==
[https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=GPS+Global+Positioning+GNSS+clock+time+keeping+artificial+intelligence+ai YouTube search...]
[https://www.google.com/search?q=GPS+Global+Positioning+GNSS+clock+time+keeping+artificial+intelligence+ai ...Google search]

* [[Time]] ... [[Time#Positioning, Navigation and Timing (PNT)|PNT]] ... [[Time#Global Positioning System (GPS)|GPS]] ... [[Causation vs. Correlation#Retrocausality| Retrocausality]] ... [[Quantum#Delayed Choice Quantum Eraser|Delayed Choice Quantum Eraser]] ... [[Quantum]]
* [[Astronomy]]
* GPS has been copied by [[Government Services#Russia|Russia's]] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GLONASS GLONASS], Europe’s [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galileo_(satellite_navigation) Galileo], [[Government Services#China|China's]] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BeiDou BeiDou], India’s IRNSS, and Japan’s [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quasi-Zenith_Satellite_System QZSS]
* [https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/5608862 Artificial intelligence in GPS navigation systems | Jeffrey L. Duffany]
* RoadTagger: [https://newatlas.com/technology/gps-system-ai-upgrade/ GPS system upgrade utilizes AI to make sure you're in the right lane | David Nield - New Atlas] ...[https://www.inceptivemind.com/artificial-intelligence-roadtagger-digital-maps-improve-gps-navigation/11525/ Artificial intelligence to update digital maps and improve GPS navigation | Amit Malewar - InceptiveMind]
* [https://www.gps.gov/ GPS.gov] ...[https://www.gps.gov/applications/timing/ Timing]
* [https://insidegnss.com/ Inside GNSS] ...Global Navigation Satellite Systems
* [https://www.space.com/19794-navstar.html Navstar | Space.com] ...is a network of U.S. satellites that provide GPS services
* [https://wtop.com/science/2020/11/spacex-launches-third-generation-gps-navigation-satellite/ SpaceX launches third-generation GPS navigation satellite | CBS News] ...GPS-3 satellite — the fourth in a series of more powerful third-generation navigation stations built by Lockheed Martin — was expected to be deployed about a 90 minutes after liftoff. Assuming tests and checkout go well, it will join a globe-spanning constellation of 31 GPS satellites.
* [https://www.militaryaerospace.com/sensors/article/14187009/navigation-and-guidance-asic-gps Air Force asks three U.S. contractors to develop miniature ASIC technology for next-gen GPS receivers | John Keller - Military & Aerospace Electronics] ...small low-power-consumption GPS enabling technologies to include a next-generation ASIC for secure GPS land navigation.
* [https://spectrum.ieee.org/tech-talk/aerospace/satellites/final-piece-of-chinas-beidou-navigation-satellite-system-comes-online [[Government Services#China|China]] Launches Beidou, Its Own Version of GPS | Andrew Jones - IEEE Spectrum] ...[[Government Services#China|China]] places the final Beidou navigation system satellite into orbit
* [https://eurasiantimes.com/the-indian-navigation-satellite-system-irnss-approved-by-imp-for-global-operations/ Big News For ISRO! Indian Navigation System (IRNSS) Gets Approval By IMP For Global Operations | Smriti Chaudhary - The EurAsuan Times]

GPS receivers that use the L5 band can pinpoint to within 30 centimeters or 11.8 inches. The GPS concept is based on [[time]] and the known position of GPS specialized satellites. The satellites carry very stable atomic clocks that are synchronized with one another and with the ground clocks. Any drift from time maintained on the ground is corrected daily. In the same manner, the satellite locations are known with great precision. GPS receivers have clocks as well, but they are less stable and less precise. Each GPS satellite continuously transmits a radio signal containing the current time and data about its position. Since the speed of radio waves is constant and independent of the satellite speed, the time delay between when the satellite transmits a signal and the receiver receives it is proportional to the distance from the satellite to the receiver. A GPS receiver monitors multiple satellites and solves equations to determine the precise position of the receiver and its deviation from true time. At a minimum, four satellites must be in view of the receiver for it to compute four unknown quantities (three position coordinates and clock deviation from satellite time). [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Positioning_System Global Positioning System | Wikipedia]

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<youtube>ozAPGnr-934</youtube>
Why The US Military Made GPS Free-To-Use
 Create a free account on SimScale here: https://goo.gl/qByVRB Find all recordings of the Drone Design Workshop here: https://goo.gl/hSh5nA Listen to our new podcast at:
Showmakers YouTube channel at: https://goo.gl/Ks1WMp
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<youtube>aDWbpRXblMk</youtube>
Satellite Navigation Systems Overview with John Pottle
 Royal Institute of Navigation. John Pottle, Director of the Royal Institute of Navigation, will put into [[context]] what the hundreds of navigation satellites in space are all for and how they work together. This webinar will explain the similarities and differences between global and regional satellite navigation systems, how they are co-ordinated, and by whom. The space-based augmentation systems will also be covered: what are these and how do they help? *During the webinar Q&A there was a question about whether or not GNSS could be used for moon missions - please see: Website: https://rin.org.uk/
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<youtube>8eTlI19_57g</youtube>
GPS, How does it work? | ICT #12
 GPS has already become an integral part of our lives, and you can see a few useful applications from these examples. GPS is really an interesting technology. It uses a system of 24 satellites continuously orbiting the earth, and requires at least four satellites to track your location; it uses an atomic clock, and the time error of your mobile phone is also a matter of great concern. Moreover, Albert Einstein’s theory of relativity plays an important role in GPS technology, finally, a real-life application for the theory of relativity! Let’s put aside all these complications and understand the technology of GPS in a step by step and logical manner. Be a Learn Engineering supporter or contributor: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCqZQ...
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<youtube>ySr4eepUVqI</youtube>
MIT's AI System helps to improve GPS navigation in places with limited map data | RoadTagger
 Rajamanickam Antonimuthu An AI model developed at MIT and Qatar Computing Research Institute uses only satellite imagery to automatically tag road features in digital maps. This innovation could improve GPS navigation, especially in countries with limited map data.
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<youtube>-g3sW40o4TU</youtube>
GPS vs AI: The Challenges of Losing Satellite Signal | Roborace
 How do trees affect satellite and GPS acquisition during a Roborace test run? #Education #Roborace #AutonomousVehicles Trees have a detrimental effect on the GPS and Satellite system for the DevBot 2.0, as it is one of the most important factors for autonomous racing. Roborace is the world’s first competition for human + machine teams, using both self-driving and manually-controlled cars. Race formats will feature new forms of immersive entertainment to engage the next generation of racing fans. Through sport, innovations in machine-driven technologies will be accelerated. Roborace will redefine the way you think about autonomous technology. To be a part of our autonomous journey, subscribe to our channel: https://goo.gl/TNbPAB
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<youtube>0k2QdX6yZiw</youtube>
Brian Cox Just Announced Mind-Bending Theory Of Time
 Everything in our universe seems perfect. There are laws governing the entire universe, but certain mysteries have remained unsolved despite decades of research. Why does time travel in one direction? What is the nature of reality? Why does Gravity exist? Why does time slow down when we travel at the speed of light? These are questions that have fascinated us for millennia.
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<youtube>GrKtsafA2UU</youtube>
A9G GPS & GPRS Module Tutorial | Ai-Thinker | AT Commands
 PCBWAY: https://www.pcbway.com/ Wanna help us out? [https://github.com/akarsh98/A9G-Supporting-material GitHub] Consider donating any amount: https://www.paypal.me/akarsh98 CETech@FB: https://www.facebook.com/CETech4u/ Our email: akarshagarwal98@gmail.com Track: Raiko - Revenger [NCS Release] Music provided by NoCopyrightSounds. Watch: https://youtu.be/Vj_V0RfdTSY Free Download / Stream: https://ncs.io/Revenger [[Meta|Facebook]]
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<youtube>8eOEhphQz6k</youtube>
Using AI to get city and weather from GPS
 A quick demo of how Noodl AI and the Function Co-pilot node can be used to call different API's from a simple text prompts to gather location and weather data from location coordinates.
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=== Deep-Space Positioning System (DPS) ===
[https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=outer+space+Positioning+Navigation+Timing+PNT+GPS+artificial+intelligence+ai YouTube search...]
[https://www.google.com/search?q=outer+space+Positioning+Navigation+Timing+PNT+GPS+artificial+intelligence+ai ...Google search]

* [https://futurism.com/the-byte/planetary-navigation-nasa-space-gps NASA is Making An AI-Based GPS For Space | Kristin Houser]
* [https://frontierdevelopmentlab.org/#!/ Frontier Development Lab (FDL)] ...Artificial Intelligence Research for Space Science, Exploration & All Humankind

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<youtube>nMZowFNNPFo</youtube>
Space Is Hard | There Is No GPS in Space
 There is no mapping app for deep space, at least not yet. If we're going to explore there we'll need new navigation tools. Here's how NASA is going to keep its rockets on target. Still haven’t subscribed to WIRED on YouTube? https://wrd.cm/15fP7B7 CONNECT WITH WIRED Web: https://wired.com
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== Jamming and Spoofing ==
[https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=Jamming+Spoofing+Positioning+Navigation+Timing+PNT+GPS+GNSS+GB-GRAM+INS+CSAC+artificial+intelligence+ai YouTube search...]
[https://www.google.com/search?q=Jamming+Spoofing+Positioning+Navigation+Timing+PNT+GPS+GNSS+GB-GRAM+INS+CSAC+artificial+intelligence+ai ...Google search]

* [https://RNTFnd.org/ The Resilient Navigation and Timing Foundation]
** [https://rntfnd.org/wp-content/uploads/Multi-LayerFinal.jpg Multi‐level resiliency model]
** [https://rntfnd.org/2020/11/27/china-research-paper-on-differential-eloran-sensors-journal/ China Research Paper on Differential eLoran – Sensors Journal]
** [https://rntfnd.org/wp-content/uploads/Resilient-National-Timing-Architecture-16-Oct-2020.pdf A Resilient National Timing Architecture – 16 October 2020]
** [https://rntfnd.org/2020/12/05/gps-jamming-spoofing-2020-year-in-review-spirents-guy-buesnel/ GPS Jamming & Spoofing, 2020 Year in Review – Spirent’s Guy Buesnel]
** [https://rntfnd.org/2021/06/05/the-russia-trap-single-points-of-failure-gps/ “The Russia Trap” – Single Points of Failure & GPS | Blog Editor / George Beebe]
* [https://www.dhs.gov/publication/st-resilient-pnt-conformance-framework Department of Homeland Security (DHS) Science and Technology (S&T) Resilient Positioning, Navigation, and Timing (PNT) Conformance Framework]
* [https://www.forbes.com/sites/steveforbes/2020/11/13/the-space-force-a-conversation-with-united-states-secretary-of-the-air-force-barbara-barrett/?sh=61d1c90a41fa The Space Force: A Conversation With United States Secretary Of The Air Force Barbara Barrett | Steve Forbes - Forbes] ... We are vulnerable. For example, the U.S. and the global economy are totally dependent on satellites, most especially the GPS, which is operated by the Space Force.

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<youtube>L2fZGVVH5lg</youtube>
2019-06-19_The History of GPS Spoofing
 Incose Chesapeake Mr Dana Goward discussed the [[development]] of Global Positioning System (GPS) spoofing from a fiction account in film to being an everyday problem.
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<youtube>r4UdHE3JNnU</youtube>
How to fool a GPS - Todd Humphreys
 TED-Ed Todd Humphreys forecasts the near-future of geolocation when millimeter-accurate GPS "dots" will enable you to find pin-point locations, index-search your physical possessions ... or to track people without their knowledge. And the response to the sinister side of this technology may have unintended consequences of its own. (Filmed at TEDxAustin.) Talk by Todd Humphreys.
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<youtube>f-tVx5DuoLs</youtube>
Orolia Presents: GPS World Webinar – Resilient PNT for a 5G World
 Panelists will discuss key factors for the successful implementation of 5G technology for 5G infrastructures, automotive, and mission critical applications:
- Testing requirements needed to ensure consistent operations
- Resilient Positioning, Navigation and Timing (PNT) technologies that can help ensure accurate, continuous operations for critical applications during interference or signal loss.
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<youtube>T6YS7gMJCUc</youtube>
Which is the bigger problem? Risk assessment for PNT with Dana Goward
 This webinar is part of the Resilient Positioning Navigation and Timing Seminar Series. Find out more about this series at: https://rin.org.uk/events/EventDetail... Presenter: Dana Goward, President & Director, Resilient Navigation and Timing Foundation
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=== Assured-Positioning, Navigation and Timing (A-PNT) ===
[https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=Assured+Positioning+Navigation+Timing+PNT+GPS+GNSS+GB-GRAM+INS+CSAC+artificial+intelligence+ai YouTube search...]
[https://www.google.com/search?q=Assured+Positioning+Navigation+Timing+PNT+GPS+GNSS+GB-GRAM+INS+CSAC+artificial+intelligence+ai ...Google search]

* [[Cybersecurity]]
* [https://www.esd.whs.mil/Portals/54/Documents/DD/issuances/dodi/465008p.pdf DOD INSTRUCTION 4650.08 Positioning, Navigation and Timing Warfare]
** [https://www.gao.gov/products/gao-21-320sp DOD is Developing Positioning, Navigation, and Timing Technologies to Complement GPS | GAO] DOD is pursuing approaches, such as creating common standards and interfaces, to aid in integrating and fielding new PNT technologies faster and at lower cost. DOD is developing its PNT modeling and simulation capabilities to evaluate the performance of new PNT technologies.
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NCOcliI-nkM Tactical Radio (TR) A-PNT Overview | COL Daniel F. Kuntz, USA - TRADOC Capabilities Manager Tactical Radios (TCM TR) - U.S. Army Cyber Center of Excellence & Fort Gordon]
* [https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA494614.pdf National Positioning, Navigation, and Timing Architecture | Lt Col Patrick Huested, USAF National Security Space Office and Paul D. Popejoy The Aerospace Corporation]
* [https://rntfnd.org/wp-content/uploads/Resilient-National-Timing-Architecture-16-Oct-2020.pdf A Resilient National Timing Architecture: Securing Today's, Enabling Tomorrow's | Dr. Marc Weiss, Dr. Patrick Diamond, and Mr. Dana A. Goward]

* [https://www.curtisswrightds.com/technologies/open-architecture/assured-position-navigation-timing.html A-PNT: Assured Position, Navigation and Timing | Curtiss-Wright]
* [https://www.express.co.uk/news/science/1358337/china-vs-us-beijing-wipe-out-gps-space-conflict-moon-mars-satellite-taiwan-joe-biden-spt China tipped to 'wipe out' GPS with 'dire consequences' after conflict catalyst exposed | Callum Hoare - The Daily Express] ...[[Government Services#China|China]] could bring the world to its knees by "wiping out" GPS, a key system used by the US military and its NATO allies, an expert on space policy has told Express.co.uk [https://www.marinelink.com/news/gps-unreliability-483109 GPS Unreliability | Dennis L. Bryant - MarineLink]

Like the GPS units in many automobiles today, a simple receiver and some processing power is all that is needed for accurate navigation. But, what if the GPS satellites suddenly became unavailable due to malfunction, enemy action or simple interference, such as driving into a tunnel? Unavailability of GPS would be inconvenient for drivers on the road, but could be disastrous for military missions. [https://www.darpa.mil/news-events/2013-04-10 Extreme Miniaturization: Seven Devices, One Chip to Navigate without GPS | ] [[Defense#US Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA)|US Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA)]]

<img src="https://rntfnd.org/wp-content/uploads/National-PNT-Architecture.jpg" width="1000">

[https://cms7.dot.gov/pnt/national-positioning-navigation-and-timing-pnt-architecture National Positioning, Navigation, and Timing (PNT) Architecture | U.S. Department of Transportation]

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<youtube>rDplstBfxp0</youtube>
System Performance and Resilience or: What could possibly go wrong? with Prof Marek Ziebart
 Royal Institute of Navigation. Presenter: Prof Marek Ziebart, Director, Space Geodesy and Navigation Group, University College London Website: https://rin.org.uk/
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<youtube>qLcHe18rtvI</youtube>
GPS/GNSS Spoofing and How To Detect It
 GPSPATRON GNSS Interference Issues What is GNSS Spoofing? Spoofing Detection Solution In this video, we describe GNSS spoofing/jamming and how to detect it.
GPSPATRON is facilitated to protect GNSS-dependent infrastructure against spoofing/jamming or other GNSS signals anomalies that cause time/position accuracy degradation
More about GNSS spoofing detection: https://gpspatron.com/detecting-gnss-... Links: https://rntfnd.org/2018/04/24/5-gps-s... https://www.c4reports.org/aboveusonly...
https://www.gpsworld.com/ https://insidegnss.com/ https://www.gps.gov/
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<youtube>5T6v1HK-a6s</youtube>
When GNSS fails, what will you do? - MarRINav!
 Royal Institute of Navigation. This webinar, called 'When GNSS fails, what will you do? - MarRINav! ' features presentations and comments form Jonathan Turner (NLA Int.), Dr Alan Grant (GLA), and Dana Goward (RNTF). The webinar provides analysis and insights from Phase 1 of the Maritime Resilience and Integrity of Navigation (MarRINav) project. To download the full transcript of Jonathan's presentation please follow this link: https://rin.org.uk/resource/resmgr/fi... Many thanks to all co-sponsors of this webinar: Resilient Navigation and Timing Foundation, Institute of Navigation, GPS World, The Maritime Executive, and of course the MarRINav project. Website: https://rin.org.uk/
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<youtube>B6RLdr-zSfw</youtube>
The Coming Revolution in MEMS Gyroscopes and MEMS Inertial Sensors
 Wireless Integrated MicroSensing & Systems - WIMS2 Relevant for automotive robotic drone wearable applications.
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<youtube>WDATFeVTUHs</youtube>
Enabling the Next Generation of GPS Technology with Supercorrelation with Dr Ramsey Faragher
 Royal Institute of Navigation. Focal Point Positioning have developed a new method for processing GNSS radio signals called Supercorrelation which dramatically improves the performance of the earliest stage of radio processing. The software update removes multipath interference at the correlator level, and provides the ability to determine signal arrival angle without adding any new hardware to a standard GNSS device. In this webinar Dr Ramsey Faragher, Founder/CEO of FocalPoint will explain how the technology works, will cover some of the challenges that FocalPoint have overcome in deploying it on very low cost platforms, and will show off the new capabilities that it unlocks. Website: https://rin.org.uk/
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<youtube>STyLD01kZ5g</youtube>
AgilLOC Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) Anti-Jamming and Spoofing Capability
 AgilLOC Antenna Element Compact (AEC) & Resilient Time Source (RTS) provide assured access to Position, Navigation and Timing (PNT) information for mission-critical systems. AEC provides GNSS anti-jam capability under denied environment through adaptive nulling of interference sources. RTS provides add-on GNSS anti-spoof capability and timing resiliency to ensure the integrity of the GNSS.
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<youtube>k2XQQuQrWbw</youtube>
GRCon20 - Software defined radio based Global Navigation Satellite System real time spoofing....
 Software defined radio based Global Navigation Satellite System real time spoofing detection and cancellation Presented by Jean-Michel Friedt,, D. Rabus and G. Goavec-Merou at GNU Radio Conference 2020 https://gnuradio.org/grcon20 Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) -- most significantly the Global Positioning System (GPS) -- have become ubiquitous to most daily activities, from positioning and navigation to long range time synchronization or distributed energy production ("smart grid"). While initially developed as a military system hardly accessible to civilians, the advent of Software Defined Radio jamming and spoofing capabilities emphasize the low security of GNSS weak signals emitted from satellites orbiting the Earth 20000 km away. While a properly spoofing signal cannot be detected after a consumer-grade receiver has decoded the radiofrequency signal, addressing at the radiofrequency wave level the signal integrity provides the solution of identifying spoofing with all satellites appearing at the same direction of arrival. This classical beamforming analysis -- Controlled Reception Pattern Antenna (CRPA) with multiple antenna reception and phase analysis -- is demonstrated using commercial, off the shelf software defined radio platform receivers (Ettus Research B210) running the real-time GNSS decoder gnss-sdr based on GNU Radio running on embedded boards such as the Raspberry Pi4.
|}
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| valign="top" |
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 550px;"
||
<youtube>JKY03NV3C2s</youtube>
PULP-DroNet -- Autonomous Artificial Intelligence-powered Nano-Drone
 PULP-DroNet is a [[Deep Learning]]-powered visual navigation engine that enables autonomous navigation of a pocket-size quadrotor in a previously unseen environment.
Thanks to PULP-DroNet the nano-drone can explore the environment, avoiding collisions also with dynamic obstacles, in complete autonomy -- no human operator, no ad-hoc external signals, and no remote laptop! This means that all the complex computations are done directly aboard the vehicle and very fast. The visual navigation engine is composed of both a software and a hardware part. The former is based on the previous DroNet [1] project developed by the RPG [2] from the University of Zürich (UZH). DroNet is a shallow convolutional neural network (CNN) which has been used to control a standard-size quadrotor in a set of environments via remote computation. The hardware soul of PULP-DroNet is embodied by the PULP-Shield an ultra-low power visual navigation module featuring a Parallel Ultra-Low-Power (PULP) GAP8 System-on-Chip (SoC) from GreenWaves Technologies [3], an ultra-low power camera, and off-chip Flash/DRAM [[memory]]; the shield is designed as a pluggable PCB for the Crazyflie 2.0 [4] nano-drone. Then, we developed a general methodology for deploying state-of-the-art [[Deep Learning]] algorithms on top of ultra-low power embedded computation nodes, like a miniaturized drone. Our novel methodology allowed us first to deploy DroNet on the PULP-Shield, and then demonstrating how it enables the execution the CNN on board the CrazyFlie 2.0 within only 64-284mW and with a throughput of 6-18 frame-per-second! Finally, we field-prove our methodology presenting a closed-loop fully working demonstration of vision-driven autonomous navigation relying only on onboard resources, and within an ultra-low power budget. We release here, as open source, all our code, hardware designs, datasets, and trained networks. Reference: D. Palossi, F. Conti, and L. Benini An Open Source and Open Hardware [[Deep Learning]]-powered Visual Navigation Engine for Autonomous Nano-UAVs Preprint: https://arxiv.org/abs/1905.04166 PULP-Platform Project Webpage: https://www.pulp-platform.org/
|}
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<youtube>vFU82-krqgs</youtube>
GPS Spoofing and Jamming: Learn how to protect against threats to GNSS systems
 Steatite
|}
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{| class="wikitable" style="width: 550px;"
||
<youtube>AOlZMw_secI</youtube>
Securing Positioning & Timing 7: Improving Performance by Augmenting GPS/GNSS
 Royal Institute of Navigation. The seventh, and final, of a series of webinars from the Securing Positioning & Timing short course. This webinar covers Improving Performance by Augmenting GPS/GNSS. Presented by Prof Terry Moore. Supported by the UK Space Agency. Website: https://rin.org.uk/
|}
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{| class="wikitable" style="width: 550px;"
||
<youtube>BY-FYs4rxek</youtube>
Assess performance & reduce risks across a multisensor, multi-system integration with Peter Rylands
 Royal Institute of Navigation. Presenter: Peter Rylands, Product Manager, Oxford Technical Solutions Ltd
|}
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{| class="wikitable" style="width: 550px;"
||
<youtube>vDnL_Ij3jes</youtube>
Resilient PNT for Unmanned Systems
 Orolia. Demand for unmanned systems is growing exponentially across defense and civil/commercial organizations, for applications ranging from military missions and intelligence surveillance to border security and precision agriculture.

Resilient Positioning, Navigation and Timing (PNT) data and GPS/GNSS signals are critical for unmanned systems in order to successfully pilot and control aircraft, vehicle and vessel onboard systems.
|}
|}

Something is jamming GPS over Europe...

<youtube>tz23G_UXCGA</youtube>

=== Geolocation: Locating GPS/GNSS Jamming and Spoofing ===
[https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=Assured+Positioning+Navigation+Timing+PNT+GPS+GNSS+GB-GRAM+INS+CSAC+artificial+intelligence+ai YouTube search...]
[https://www.google.com/search?q=Assured+Positioning+Navigation+Timing+PNT+GPS+GNSS+GB-GRAM+INS+CSAC+artificial+intelligence+ai ...Google search]

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||
<youtube>lKnavLpgISc</youtube>
Securing Positioning & Timing 3: Detecting and Characterising GPS/GNSS Jamming & Spoofing
 Royal Institute of Navigation. The third of a series of webinars from the Securing Positioning & Timing short course. This webinar covers Detecting and Characterising GPS/GNSS Jamming & Spoofing. Presented by Dr Mark Dumville. Supported by the UK Space Agency. Website: https://rin.org.uk/
|}
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{| class="wikitable" style="width: 550px;"
||
<youtube>nQR8F4Hia2o</youtube>
Securing Positioning & Timing 4: Locating GPS/GNSS Jamming and Spoofing
 Royal Institute of Navigation. The fourth of a series of webinars from the Securing Positioning & Timing short course. This webinar covers Locating GPS/GNSS Jamming and Spoofing. Presented by Mike Jones. Supported by the UK Space Agency. Website: https://rin.org.uk/
|}
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||
<youtube>G_i5nV1VHEM</youtube>
GNSS Jamming - Crowd Sourcing Detection and Geolocation
 GNSS Jamming - Crowd Sourcing Detection and Geolocation webinar by InsideGNSS
|}
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{| class="wikitable" style="width: 550px;"
||
<youtube>XMpBxrNaV84</youtube>
Harris Corporation - Detect and Locate GPS Jamming with Signal Sentry™ 1000
 Harris Corporation The Global Positioning System—GPS—is an essential element of the global information infrastructure. GPS jamming devices are becoming cheaper and more accessible, creating a greater need to protect from a diverse range of threats. Harris Signal Sentry 1000 is a GPS interference detection and geolocation solution. It provides a web-based visualization tool to support timely and effective actionable intelligence.
|}
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{| class="wikitable" style="width: 550px;"
||
<youtube>i6-tNzUIo0E</youtube>
Why isn’t my GPS receiver consistently more accurate? with John Pottle
 Royal Institute of Navigation. Presenter: John Pottle, Director of the RIN Website: https://rin.org.uk/
|}
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{| class="wikitable" style="width: 550px;"
||
<youtube>v-hDEJEsBso</youtube>
Current threats to GNSS: An update of incidents and impacts with Guy Buesnel
 Royal Institute of Navigation. Presenter: Guy Buesnel, PNT Security Technologist Spirent Communications plc. Website: https://rin.org.uk/
|}
|}

== Software-defined Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) ==
[https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=Software+defined+Global+Navigation+Satellite+System+GNSS+artificial+intelligence+ai YouTube search...]
[https://www.google.com/search?q=Software+defined+Global+Navigation+Satellite+System+GNSS+artificial+intelligence+ai ...Google search]

* [[Telecommunications#Cognitive Radio (CR) / Software-defined radio (SDR)|Cognitive Radio (CR) / Software-defined radio (SDR)]]

{|
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{| class="wikitable" style="width: 550px;"
||
<youtube>4uHdu-iGsgI</youtube>
Dr. Carles Fernandez: An Open Source Global Navigation Satellite Systems Software-Defined Receiver
 Software Defined Radio Academy GNSS-SDR (see https://gnss-sdr.org) is an open source, software-defined Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) receiver. This software application takes care of all the digital signal processing chain (from the output of the Analog-to-Digital Converter of a radio-frequency front-end, or from raw sam- ples stored in a file), performing signal acquisition and tracking of the available satellite signals, decoding the navigation message and computing the observables needed by positioning algorithms, which ultimately compute the navigation solution. Several outputs are provided in standard formats, including RINEX observation and navigation files, RTCM-104 v3.2 message streaming via TCP/IP and NMEA-0183, as well as KML, GeoJSON, and GPX files for Geographic Information Systems, map representation and Earth browsers. Currently, the software is able to process GLONASS L1 C/A, GPS L1 C/A, Galileo E1b/c, BeiDou B1I, BeiDou B3I, GLONASS L2 C/A, GPS L2C, GPS L5 and Galileo E5a signals, in all possible combinations, including multi-constellation and multi-frequency configurations. The software leverages on the GNU Radio framework, inheriting multithreading scheduling and a modular, scalable architecture. The software is designed to facilitate the inclusion of new signal processing techniques, offering an easy way to measure their impact in the overall receiver performance under fair conditions, as well as the expansion to other signals.
|}
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| valign="top" |
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 550px;"
||
<youtube>k2XQQuQrWbw</youtube>
GRCon20 - Software defined radio based Global Navigation Satellite System real time spoofing....
 Software defined radio based Global Navigation Satellite System real time spoofing detection and cancellation Presented by Jean-Michel Friedt,, D. Rabus and G. Goavec-Merou at GNU Radio Conference 2020 https://gnuradio.org/grcon20 Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) -- most significantly the Global Positioning System (GPS) -- have become ubiquitous to most daily activities, from positioning and navigation to long range time synchronization or distributed energy production ("smart grid"). While initially developed as a military system hardly accessible to civilians, the advent of Software Defined Radio jamming and spoofing capabilities emphasize the low security of GNSS weak signals emitted from satellites orbiting the Earth 20000 km away. While a properly spoofing signal cannot be detected after a consumer-grade receiver has decoded the radiofrequency signal, addressing at the radiofrequency wave level the signal integrity provides the solution of identifying spoofing with all satellites appearing at the same direction of arrival. This classical beamforming analysis -- Controlled Reception Pattern Antenna (CRPA) with multiple antenna reception and phase analysis -- is demonstrated using commercial, off the shelf software defined radio platform receivers (Ettus Research B210) running the real-time GNSS decoder gnss-sdr based on GNU Radio running on embedded boards such as the Raspberry Pi4.
|}
|}

== Long Range Navigation (LORAN) ==
[https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=Long+Range+Navigation+Loran+artificial+intelligence+ai YouTube search...]
[https://www.google.com/search?q=Long+Range+Navigation+Loran+artificial+intelligence+ai ...Google search]

* [https://www.intelligent-aerospace.com/home/article/14181475/eloran-loran-c-gps-gnss Public-private partnership to launch enhanced LOng RAnge Navigation (eLORAN) technology to back-up and accompany GPS | Jamie Whitney - Intelligent Aerospace]

{|
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{| class="wikitable" style="width: 550px;"
||
<youtube>c9JZ24FRSiI</youtube>
BBC Click no GPS radio eLoran instead. Filmed at the Port of Felixstowe
 BBC Click report at the Port of Felixstowe demonstrating the loss of GPS and using eLoran as an alternative
|}
|}

== [[Quantum]] Sensors in Navigation ==
[https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=Quantum+Sensors+Navigation+artificial+intelligence+ai YouTube search...]
[https://www.google.com/search?q=Quantum+Sensors+Navigation+artificial+intelligence+ai ...Google search]

* [[Quantum]]
* [https://www.ukri.org/ UK Research and Innovation]
* [https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1755-1315/237/3/032027/pdf Review of [[Quantum]] Navigation | Donghui Feng - IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science]
* [https://idstch.com/technology/quantum/quantum-sensing-technology-growing-rapidly-to-enable-ultra-sensitive-quantum-radars-imaging-and-navigation/ [[Quantum]] Sensing Technology Growing Rapidly to Enable Ultra Sensitive Quantum RADARS, Imaging, and Navigation | Rajesh Uppal - International Defence Security & Technology]

Typically, the performance of measurement devices is limited by deleterious effects such as thermal noise and vibration. Notable exceptions are atomic clocks, which operate very near their fundamental limits. Driving devices to their physical limits will open new application spaces critical to future DoD systems. Indeed, many defense-critical applications already require exceptionally precise time and frequency standards enabled only by atomic clocks. The Global Positioning System (GPS) and the internet are two key examples. Measurement systems based on atomic physics benefit from the exquisite properties of the atom. Among these are (a) precise frequency transitions, (b) the ability to initialize, control, and readout the atomic state and (c) environmental isolation. In addition, atomic properties are absolute, and do not “drift” over time. In this sense, atoms are self-calibrated, making them ideal for precision sensing. [https://www.darpa.mil/program/quantum-assisted-sensing-and-readout Quantum-Assisted Sensing and Readout (QuASAR) | ] [[Defense#US Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA)|US Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA)]]

{|
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{| class="wikitable" style="width: 550px;"
||
<youtube>eP-_vEloIRc</youtube>
Quantum Sensors in Navigation with Roger McKinlay, George Shaw and Kai Bongs
 Royal Institute of Navigation Co-hosted by the UK Quantum Technology Hub Sensors and Timing and the Royal Institute of Navigation Presenters: Professor Kai Bongs, Principal Investigator at the UK Quantum Technology Hub Sensors and Timing; Roger McKinlay, Challenge Director for Quantum Technologies, UK Research and Innovation; George Shaw, Principal Systems Engineer, General Lighthouse Authority In this trio of presentations Roger, George and Kai discuss quantum sensors in navigation... Roger covers systems considerations in PNT and vulnerabilities in GNSS, UK industry opportunities and IUK programmes George covers current maritime navigation challenges, the resilient PNT system-of-systems approach and opportunity for Quantum Sensor technology insertion Kai covers quantum Sensor [[development]]s towards navigation solutions Website: https://rin.org.uk/
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{| class="wikitable" style="width: 550px;"
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<youtube>ka5oyPfPW14</youtube>
Nanoscale Quantum Sensing - Prof. Jorg Wrachtrup
 Bar-Ilan University Nanoscale Quantum Sensing - a lecture by Prof. Jorg Wrachtrup of the Institute for Quantum Science and Technology in Germany. This lecture was given during the conference QUEST - Quantum Entanglement Science & Technology, held by Bar-Ilan University's Physics Department in June 2017.
|}
|}

== Spacetime ==
[https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=Spacetime YouTube search...]
[https://www.google.com/search?q=Spacetime ...Google search]
* [[Life~Meaning]] ... [[Consciousness]] ... [[Loop#Feedback Loop - Creating Consciousness|Creating Consciousness]] ... [[Quantum#Quantum Biology|Quantum Biology]] ... [[Orch-OR]] ... [[TAME]] ... [[Protein Folding & Discovery|Proteins]]

'''Spacetime''' is a [[mathematical model]] that fuses the three dimensions of [[space]] (length, width, height) and the single dimension of [[time]] into a single four-dimensional continuum.

Before the 20th century, scientists viewed space and time as completely separate entities. Space was a static stage where events occurred, and time was a constant, universal clock. [[Albert Einstein]] and mathematician [[Hermann Minkowski]] revolutionized this view by proving they are inextricably linked.

=== Spacetime Core Concept: The Fabric of the Universe ===
In physics, every occurrence is an "event" located at a specific point in spacetime, described by four coordinates:
:<math>(x, y, z, t)</math>

Imagine meeting a friend. To ensure you meet, you must provide a specific location (spatial coordinates) and a specific time (temporal coordinate). If you omit the time, the meeting cannot happen.

=== General Relativity: Gravity as Curvature ===
The most famous application of spacetime is in Einstein’s [[General theory of relativity|General Theory of Relativity]].

* '''Newton's View:''' Gravity is an invisible force that pulls objects together.
* '''Einstein's View:''' Gravity is not a force; it is the '''curvature of spacetime'''.

Massive objects (like the [[Earth]] or [[Sun]]) warp the fabric of spacetime around them. Smaller objects (like the Moon or a satellite) do not "feel" a force pulling them; they are simply following the straightest possible path (a [[geodesic]]) along this curved surface.

=== Visualizing Spacetime: The Light Cone ===
Physicists often use '''Minkowski diagrams''' to visualize spacetime. In these graphs, time is usually plotted on the vertical axis and space on the horizontal axis.

* '''World Line:''' A line representing an object's path through time. Even if an object is stationary in space, it moves through time, creating a straight vertical world line.
* '''Light Cone:''' Since nothing can travel faster than [[Speed of light|light]], light spreading out from a single event forms a "cone" shape in the diagram. Events inside this cone can affect one another (causality); events outside are effectively disconnected.

=== Key Implications ===
* '''[[Time dilation]]:''' Because space and time are linked, moving through space affects movement through time. The faster an object travels through space, the slower it moves through time relative to a stationary observer.
* '''No Universal "Now":''' There is no single clock for the universe. Two observers moving at different speeds or in different gravitational fields will disagree on when an event happened ([[Relativity of simultaneity]]).

=== Comparison Table ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Concept
! Classical View (Newton)
! Spacetime View (Einstein)
|-
| '''Space'''
| A static, rigid stage.
| A flexible fabric that can bend and twist.
|-
| '''Time'''
| Universal and constant for everyone.
| Relative; flows at different rates for different observers.
|-
| '''Gravity'''
| A force acting at a distance.
| The curvature of the geometry of spacetime.
|}

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<youtube>YpyXVkqkQgg</youtube>
Time Does Not Exist. Let me explain with a graph.
 How do we really move through spacetime? Sadly the books have sold out.
|}
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| valign="top" |
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 550px;"
||
<youtube>3khY_bwf5FY</youtube>
What Exactly is Spacetime? Explained in Ridiculously Simple Words
 Spacetime, as a concept, is related to a space that consists of 4 dimensions instead of the regular 3-dimensional space. As early as 1905, Einstein proposed a now widely popular theory that the speed of light is independent of the motion of all observers, and that space and time are interconnected in a single continuum. This theory, which is now a cornerstone of modern and quantum physics, is known as Einstein’s special theory of relativity. Einstein's proposed idea of a single continuum where space and time are interwoven is what people call “space-time”.
According to this theory, time—which has traditionally been considered an independent entity according to the principles of classical physics—is affected when a body moves through space. This happens because, according to the theory, time and space are connected and part of a single continuum—spacetime.
In this video, we discuss spacetime in absolutely simple words: what exactly is spacetime and how is it related to the force of gravitation and Einstein’s theory of relativity?
|}
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<youtube>GZcXNBYcfe4</youtube>
This Is Why Time Might Not Actually Exist
 Quantum Entanglement May Reveal a Reality We Can't Handle
|}
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{| class="wikitable" style="width: 550px;"
||
<youtube>yPVQtvbiS4Y</youtube>
What Actually Are Space And Time?
 If you like this video, check out writer Geraint Lewis´ excellent book, co-written with Chris Ferrie:
[https://www.amazon.com/Where-Universe-Other-Cosmic-Questions/dp/1728238811 Where Did the Universe Come From? And Other Cosmic Questions: Our Universe, from the Quantum to the Cosmos] AND check out his [https://www.youtube.com/c/AlasLewisAndBarnes Youtube channel]
|}
|}

== Longitude ==
[https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=Longitude YouTube search...]
[https://www.google.com/search?q=Longitude ...Google search]

* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longitude_(book) Longitude: The True Story of a Lone Genius Who Solved the Greatest Scientific Problem of His Time | Wikipedia]

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<youtube>LHvt48S9l4w</youtube>
Longitude
 Dava Sobel's book is a captivating story, such a good film with an impressive cast. What a genius Mr Harrison was. Such determination. A lesson to us all..
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<youtube>T-g27KS0yiY</youtube>
The Clock That Changed the World (BBC History of the World)
 
SciShow It’s time for another leap second! Join SciShow as we celebrate by exploring the long and strange history of timekeeping. Hosted by: Michael Aranda Dooblydoo thanks go to the following Patreon supporters -- we couldn't make SciShow without them! Shout out to Justin Ove, Justin Lentz, David Campos, John Szymakowski, Peso255, Jeremy Peng, Avi Yaschin, and Fatima Iqbal. Like SciShow? Want to help support us, and also get things to put on your walls, cover your torso and hold your liquids? Check out our awesome products over at DFTBA Records: https://dftba.com/scishow Or help support us by becoming our patron on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/scishow
|}
|}

== Natural Navigation ==
[https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=Animal+Navigation+Incredible+Bees+Journeys+intelligence YouTube search...]
[https://www.google.com/search?q=Animal+Navigation+Incredible+Bees+Journeys+intelligence ...Google search]

* [[Life~Meaning]] ... [[Consciousness]] ... [[Loop#Feedback Loop - Creating Consciousness|Creating Consciousness]] ... [[Quantum#Quantum Biology|Quantum Biology]] ... [[Orch-OR]] ... [[TAME]] ... [[Protein Folding & Discovery|Proteins]]
* [[Collective Animal Intelligence]] ... [[Animal Ecology]] ... [[Animal Language]] ... [[Bird Identification]]
* [https://www.amazon.com/Incredible-Journeys-Exploring-Wonders-Navigation/dp/1473656826 Incredible Journeys: Exploring the Wonders of Animal Navigation Hardcover | David Barrie]

{|
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{| class="wikitable" style="width: 550px;"
||
<youtube>iZ52kShxeYA</youtube>
Henrik Mouritsen on How do migratory birds find their way?
 Prof. Henrik Mouritsen (University of Oldenburg, Germany) on "How do migratory birds find their way?", at the FENS Hertie Winter School 2017 on Neural Control of Behaviour - Series 1: Navigation, 10-16 December 2017, Obergurgl, Austria.
|}
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{| class="wikitable" style="width: 550px;"
||
<youtube>kzgPH0ivMoo</youtube>
Animal Navigation || Radcliffe Institute
 Lizabeth Cohen 00:16 Dean, Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study Howard Mumford Jones Professor of American Studies Department of History Harvard University John Huth 7:32 Donner Professor of Science
Codirector of the Science Program Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study Harvard University ANIMAL NAVIGATION 16:50 Susanne Åkesson 19:53 Professor and Principal Investigator Centre for Animal Movement Research, Lund University (Sweden) Introduced by Scott Edwards 17:51 Professor of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology Curator of Ornithology Alexander Agassiz Professor of Zoology in the Museum of Comparative Zoology Harvard University
|}
|}

== Molecular Clock ==
Scientists use the ''molecular clock'', which assumes steady genetic changes, to estimate species divergence times, but recent models like the ''Covariant Evolutionary Tempo (CET)'' by Budd & Mann suggest evolution isn't always steady, predicting rapid bursts in major groups (like mammals or birds) early on, explaining mismatches with fossil records by showing faster initial evolution and diversification, thus refining our understanding of how large animal groups rapidly emerge.

''' How the Molecular Clock Works '''
* '''Rate of Mutation:''' The core idea is that mutations in DNA accumulate at a relatively constant rate over time.
* '''Genetic Differences:''' By comparing DNA or protein sequences between species, scientists count the genetic differences.
* '''Dating Divergence:''' More differences imply a longer time since the species shared a common ancestor, allowing estimation of evolutionary timelines.

''' Challenges & New Models (Budd & Mann's CET) '''
the Covariant Evolutionary Tempo model suggests that when a big group of organisms appear, evolution actually speeds up. This would make it appear like more time was passing when evolution was really on fast-forward, differentiating into various groups that eventually appeared in the fossil record. “While the speeding clock idea needs testing,” Telford wrote, “it could explain other mismatches between molecular clocks and the fossil record.”

* '''Fossil Record Mismatch:''' Molecular clocks sometimes suggest earlier origins for animal groups than the fossil record shows, creating a gap (e.g., the [[Cambrian explosion]]).
* '''The CET Model:''' This model proposes that when a major group starts to diversify, it experiences:
** '''Explosive Radiation:''' Rapid increases in species diversity.
** '''Elevated Molecular Rates:''' Faster rates of genetic change.
** '''Impact:''' This explains why fossil records show sudden appearances of major groups, as they truly did evolve and diversify quickly, rather than gradually over long periods, says this article from Uppsala University.

''' Significance '''
* '''Refined Timelines:''' The new models provide a more nuanced understanding of evolutionary history, reconciling molecular data with fossil evidence.
* '''Understanding Major Events:''' Helps explain rapid evolutionary events, like the emergence of mammals after dinosaur extinction, where a surviving lineage exploded in diversity.
* '''Connecting Disciplines:''' Bridges gaps between molecular biology, paleontology, and geology to build more accurate evolutionary trees.

<youtube>mzKXfz-QPF0</youtube>
<youtube>JbtfyRUxXB0</youtube>

= Time Travel in Fiction =
* [[Causation vs. Correlation]]
* [[Books, Radio & Movies - Exploring Possibilities]]
Time travel in science and fiction serves as a rich narrative tool to explore [[Causation vs. Correlation | causality]], free will, and the malleability of timelines. Scientific theories like wormholes, relativistic travel involving time dilation, and closed timelike curves provide plausible mechanisms explanation of how time travel functions. In different popular movies, books, & shows – not how it works “under the hood", but how it [[Causation vs. Correlation | causally]] affects the perspective of characters’ timelines (who has free will? can you change things by going back to the past or forwards into the future?). In particular, I explain Ender's Game, Planet of the Apes, Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban, Primer, Bill & Ted’s Excellent Adventure, Back to the Future, Groundhog Day, Looper, the video game “Braid”, and Lifeline. Whether driven by science or narrative needs, these portrayals reflect how characters experience and manipulate time, raising questions about fate, agency, and the consequences of tampering with the past

<youtube>d3zTfXvYZ9s</youtube>
<youtube>mlMFYs0-XvU</youtube>

= Time & Music =
[https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=time+music+artificial+intelligence+ai YouTube search...]
[https://www.google.com/search?q=time+music+artificial+intelligence+ai ...Google search]

* [[End-to-End Speech]] ... [[Synthesize Speech]] ... [[Speech Recognition]] ... [[Music]]

<youtube>gk17N6cDKqQ</youtube>
<youtube>Gt2zubHcER4</youtube>
<youtube>F_VjVqe3KJ0</youtube>
<youtube>2VRsIQsGDtY</youtube>

Time

2026-06-26T18:23:07Z

BPeat:

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[https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=ai+clock+time+keep+GPS+position+~navigation+timing YouTube]
[https://www.quora.com/search?q=time ... Quora]
[https://www.google.com/search?q=ai+clock+time+keep+GPS+position+~navigationtiming ...Google search]
[https://news.google.com/search?q=ai+clock+time+keep+GPS+position+~navigationtiming ...Google News]
[https://www.bing.com/news/search?q=ai+clock+time+keep+GPS+position+~navigationtiming&qft=interval%3d%228%22 ...Bing News]

* [[Time]] ... [[Time#Positioning, Navigation and Timing (PNT)|PNT]] ... [[Time#Global Positioning System (GPS)|GPS]] ... [[Causation vs. Correlation#Retrocausality| Retrocausality]] ... [[Quantum#Delayed Choice Quantum Eraser|Delayed Choice Quantum Eraser]] ... [[Quantum]]
* [[Government Services]]:
** [[National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)]] ... [https://www.nist.gov/pml/time-and-frequency-division Time and Frequency Division, Physical Measurement Laboratory]
** [[U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS)]] ... [https://www.dhs.gov/science-and-technology/pnt-program Science and Technology (S&T) Positioning, Navigation, and Timing (PNT) Program]
** [[Defense]] ... [https://www.cnmoc.usff.navy.mil/Our-Commands/United-States-Naval-Observatory/Precise-Time-Department/ Precise Time Department ... U.S. Naval Observatory has maintained a Time Service Department since 1880]
* [[Perspective]] ... [[Context]] ... [[In-Context Learning (ICL)]] ... [[Transfer Learning]] ... [[Out-of-Distribution (OOD) Generalization]]
* [https://www.npl.co.uk/ntc National Timing Centre] ... Assured Time and Frequency for the UK
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time Time] ...[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time Coordinated Universal Time UTC] ... [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clock Clock] ...[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_timekeeping_devices Timekeeping | Wikipedia]
* [https://interestingengineering.com/the-very-long-and-fascinating-history-of-clocks The Very Long and Fascinating History of Clocks | Christopher McFadden - Interesting Engineering]
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t-_VPRCtiUg The Surprising Secret of Synchronization | Veritasium]
* [https://www.timeanddate.com/time/leapseconds.html What Is a Leap Second? | Konstantin Bikos and Anne Buckle - timeanddate.com]
* [https://www.amazon.com/s?k=atomic+clock&ref=nb_sb_noss_1 Atomic clocks] ...[https://www.amazon.com/s?k=tide+clock&ref=nb_sb_noss_1 Tide Clock | ][[Amazon]]
** [https://www.sciencenews.org/article/atomic-clock-general-relativity-time-warp-millimeter-physics An atomic clock measured how general relativity warps time across a millimeter | Emily Conover - ScienceNews]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clock_synchronization Clock synchronization]
* [https://bigthink.com/the-well/is-time-an-illusion/ Time: Do the past, present, and future exist all at once? | BigThink (video)] ... astrophysicist Michelle Thaller, science educator Bill Nye, author James Gleick, and neuroscientist Dean Buonomano discuss how the human brain perceives of the passage of time, the idea in theoretical physics of time as a fourth dimension, and the theory that space and time are interwoven.
* [https://primo.ai/index.php?title=Cybersecurity Cybersecurity]
** [https://www.crownsterling.io/ Crown Sterling] ... changing the face of digital security with its non-integer-based algorithms that leverage time, AI and irrational numbers.
** [https://www.csoonline.com/article/3235970/what-is-quantum-cryptography-it-s-no-silver-bullet-but-could-improve-security.html Quantum cryptography] ... the infosec industry looks to quantum cryptography and quantum key distribution (QKD)
* [https://spectrum.ieee.org/qa-creating-time-crystals-using-quantum-computers What’s a Time Crystal? | Charles Q. Choi - IEEE Spectrum] ... And how do Google researchers use quantum computers to make them? ... quantum system of many particles that organize themselves into a periodic pattern of motion—periodic in time rather than in space—that persists in perpetuity.
* [https://spectrum.ieee.org/time-reversal-interface This Mirror Reverses How Light Travels in Time There are already applications in wireless, radar, and optical-computing | Charles Q. Choi - IEEE Spectrum] ... There are already applications in wireless, radar, and optical-computing ... These applications often reverse the order of signals to help process them.

__NOTOC__

= Sequence/Time-based Algorithms =
* [https://www.advancinganalytics.co.uk/blog/2021/06/22/10-incredibly-useful-time-series-forecasting-algorithms 10 Incredibly Useful Time Series Forecasting Algorithms]
* [https://www.tableau.com/data-insights/ai/algorithms Artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms: a complete overview]
* [https://science.nasa.gov/technology/technology-highlights/new-ai-algorithms-streamline-data-processing-for-space-based-instruments New AI Algorithms Streamline Data Processing for Space-based Instruments]
* [https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbestechcouncil/2021/08/11/unlocking-the-power-of-predictive-analytics-with-ai/ Unlocking The Power Of Predictive Analytics With AI - Forbes]
* [https://blog.netsil.com/a-comparison-of-time-series-databases-and-netsils-use-of-druid-db805d471206 A Comparison of Time Series Databases and Netsil’s Use of Druid | Netsil]
* [https://azure.microsoft.com/en-us/blog/microsoft-announces-the-general-availability-of-azure-time-series-insights/ Microsoft announces the general availability of Azure Time Series Insights | Ryan Waite - Microsoft]
* [https://www.outlyer.com/blog/top10-open-source-time-series-databases/ Top 10 Time Series Databases | Outlyer]

Time-based AI algorithms are algorithms that use time series data to make predictions or analyses. Time series data are data that are collected over time and have a temporal order. For example, the daily temperature, the stock prices, or the number of visitors to a website are all time series data. These algorithms can be used for a variety of purposes, such as forecasting future values, detecting trends and patterns, and making informed decisions based on historical data. They can be applied to many different fields, including finance, economics, meteorology, and healthcare.

<hr><center>

Whenever we have developed better clocks, we’ve learned something new about the world. - Alexander Smith [https://scitechdaily.com/new-time-dilation-phenomenon-revealed-timekeeping-theory-combines-quantum-clocks-and-einsteins-relativity/ New Time Dilation Phenomenon Revealed: Timekeeping Theory Combines Quantum Clocks and Einstein’s Relativity - Dartmouth College]

</center><hr>

== Common ==

There are different types of sequence/time-based AI algorithms, depending on the goal and the method of the algorithm. Some of the most common ones are:

* Time Series Forecasting:
** [[Forecasting#Time Series Forecasting - Statistical|Statistical]]:
*** Autoregressive (AR): uses past values of the time series to predict future values. It assumes that the current value is a linear function of previous values. For example, AR can be used to forecast the weather based on historical data.
*** Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA): is an extension of AR that also accounts for the trend and the seasonality of the time series. It uses differencing to make the time series stationary (i.e., having constant mean and variance) and then applies AR and moving average (MA) models. For example, ARIMA can be used to forecast the sales of a product based on past sales and seasonal patterns.
*** Seasonal Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (SARIMA): is a further extension of ARIMA that also accounts for the cyclic variations of the time series. It uses seasonal differencing and seasonal AR and MA models to capture the periodic fluctuations of the time series. For example, SARIMA can be used to forecast the electricity demand based on past demand and seasonal factors.
*** Exponential Smoothing (ES): uses weighted averages of past values of the time series to predict future values. It gives more weight to recent values than older values, and it can also incorporate trend and seasonality components. For example, ES can be used to forecast the inventory level based on past demand and supply.
** [[Forecasting#Time Series Forecasting - Deep Learning|Deep Learning]]:
*** Prophet: is a modern and flexible approach to time series forecasting developed by [[Meta|Facebook]]. It uses a decomposable model that consists of trend, seasonality, and holiday components, and it allows for adding custom effects and prior information. For example, Prophet can be used to forecast the web traffic for a data science blog website based on past traffic and special events.
*** [[Neural Turing Machine]] (NTM): the fuzzy pattern matching capabilities of [[Neural Network]]s with the algorithmic power of programmable computers. NTMs are an instance of [[Memory]] Augmented [[Neural Network]]s, a new class of [[Recurrent Neural Network (RNN)]]s which decouple computation from [[memory]] by introducing an external [[memory]] unit. NTMs have demonstrated superior performance over Long Short-Term [[Memory]] Cells in several sequence learning tasks.
* [[Neural Network]]s:
** [[Recurrent Neural Network (RNN)]]: is a type of [[Deep Learning]] model that can process sequential data such as time series. It uses a network of neurons that have feedback loops, which enable them to store information from previous inputs. For example, RNN can be used to forecast the prices of Bitcoin based on past prices and other factors.
*** [[Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU)]]: are a gating mechanism in [[Recurrent Neural Network (RNN)]] architecture. Like other RNNs, a GRU can process sequential data such as time series, natural language, and speech1. The GRU is similar to a [[Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM)]] with a forget gate, but has fewer parameters than LSTM, as it lacks an output gate. This means that GRUs are generally easier and faster to train than their LSTM counterparts. GRUs have been found to perform similarly to LSTMs on certain tasks such as polyphonic music modeling, speech signal modeling, and natural language processing. They have shown that gating is indeed helpful in general.
*** [[Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM)]]: is a special type of RNN that can handle long-term dependencies in sequential data. It uses a [[memory]] cell that can store, update, and forget information over time, and it has gates that control the flow of information in and out of the cell. For example, LSTM can be used to forecast the generation of wind power based on past generation and weather conditions:
**** [[Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory (BI-LSTM)]]: is a type of [[Recurrent Neural Network (RNN)]] architecture that processes data in both forward and backward directions. It consists of two LSTMs: one taking the input in a forward direction, and the other in a backward direction. BI-LSTMs effectively increase the amount of information available to the network, improving the context available to the algorithm. For example, knowing what words immediately follow and precede a word in a sentence. Compared to LSTM, BI-LSTM combines the forward hidden layer and the backward hidden layer, which can access both the preceding and succeeding contexts¹. This feature of flow of data in both directions makes the BI-LSTM different from other LSTMs. BI-LSTMs have been successfully applied to various tasks such as natural language processing, speech recognition, and traffic forecasting.
**** Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory (BI-LSTM) with Attention Mechanism: is a type of [[Recurrent Neural Network (RNN)]] architecture that processes data in both forward and backward directions, and uses an attention mechanism to weigh the importance of different parts of the input sequence. The attention mechanism allows the network to focus on specific parts of the input sequence when making predictions, rather than treating all parts of the sequence equally. This can be particularly useful when dealing with long input sequences, where some parts of the sequence may be more relevant to the prediction than others. BI-LSTMs with Attention Mechanism have been successfully applied to various tasks such as text classification, [[Sentiment Analysis]], and human activity recognition.
**** [[Average-Stochastic Gradient Descent (SGD) Weight-Dropped LSTM (AWD-LSTM)]]: is a variant of LSTM that employs DropConnect for regularization, as well as NT-ASGD for optimization. NT-ASGD stands for non-monotonically triggered averaged stochastic gradient descent, which returns an average of the last iterations of weights. AWD-LSTM has shown great results on both word-level and character-level models. It has been used in research papers on word-level models and has shown great results on character-level models as well.
*** [[Sequence to Sequence (Seq2Seq)]]: can map a variable-length input sequence to a variable-length output sequence. It is often used for natural language processing tasks, such as machine translation, text summarization, conversational models, and question answering. The Seq2Seq algorithm consists of two main components: an encoder and a decoder. The encoder reads the input sequence one timestep at a time and produces a hidden vector representation of the input. The decoder then uses the hidden vector as the initial state and generates the output sequence one timestep at a time, using the previous output as the input context.
** [[Transformer]]: is a state-of-the-art [[Deep Learning]] model that can process sequential data such as time series. It uses layers of attention mechanisms that can learn how to focus on relevant parts of the input data, and it can handle long-term dependencies and parallel computations efficiently. For example, [[Transformer]] can be used to forecast the spread of COVID-19 based on past cases and interventions. [[Transformer]] can process sequential data using layers of attention mechanisms, without using recurrent or convolutional layers. It can handle long-term dependencies and parallel computations efficiently, and it can achieve better results than RNN-based Seq2Seq models on various tasks.
*** [[Generative Pre-trained Transformer (GPT)]]: are a family of language models that use [[Deep Learning]] techniques to generate natural language text. They are based on the [[transformer]] architecture and can be fine-tuned for various natural language processing tasks such as text generation, language translation, and text classification. The first GPT was introduced in 2018 by the American artificial intelligence (AI) company [[OpenAI]]. GPT models are artificial [[Neural Network]]s that are based on the [[transformer]] architecture, pre-trained on large data sets of unlabelled text, and able to generate novel human-like content
*** [[Attention]] Mechanism: allows the decoder to selectively focus on different parts of the input sequence when generating the output, instead of relying on a single fixed vector. This can improve the performance and accuracy of the Seq2Seq model, especially for long sequences
**** [[Transformer-XL]]: is a transformer-based language model that introduces the notion of recurrence to the deep self-attention network. It was designed to enable learning dependency beyond a fixed length without disrupting temporal coherence. The model consists of a segment-level recurrence mechanism and a novel positional encoding scheme. This method not only enables capturing longer-term dependency, but also resolves the context fragmentation problem. As a result, Transformer-XL learns dependency that is 80% longer than RNNs and 450% longer than vanilla [[Transformer]]s, achieves better performance on both short and long sequences, and is up to 1,800+ times faster than vanilla [[Transformer]]s during evaluation.
*** Beam search: is a technique to find the most probable output sequence given the input sequence, by keeping track of multiple candidate sequences and expanding them based on their probabilities. This can improve the quality and diversity of the output, compared to using a greedy or random search.
** Convolutional Neural Network (CNN): is another type of [[Deep Learning]] model that can process sequential data such as time series. It uses layers of filters that can extract features from local regions of the input data, and it can capture complex patterns and relationships in the data. For example, CNN can be used to forecast an avalanche in a famous ski resort based on past snowfall and temperature data.
** [[Spatial-Temporal Dynamic Network (STDN)]]: a [[Deep Learning]] framework proposed to address the challenge of modeling complex spatial dependencies and temporal dynamics in traffic prediction. A flow gating mechanism is introduced to learn the dynamic similarity between locations, and a periodically shifted attention mechanism is designed to handle long-term periodic temporal shifting. This approach has been shown to be effective in predicting taxi demand
* Other:
** Gaussian Process (GP): is a type of probabilistic model that can handle uncertainty and noise in time series data. It uses a function that defines how similar any two points in the input space are, and it produces a distribution over possible outputs for any given input. For example, GP can be used to forecast the depletion level of stocks in stores based on past sales and inventory data.
** [[End-to-End Speech]]: translation is an approach to speech translation that is gaining high interest from the research world in the last few years. It consists of using a single [[Deep Learning]] model that learns to generate translated text of the input audio in an end-to-end fashion. This approach, known as “end-to-end” or “direct” ST, supposes many advantages over the former, such as avoiding the concatenation of errors, the direct use of prosodic from speech and a lower inference time.
** [[(Tree) Recursive Neural (Tensor) Network (RNTN)]]: type of [[Neural Network]] that is mostly used for natural language processing. It has a tree structure with a neural net at each node. The purpose of these nets is to analyze data that have a hierarchy of structure. An RNTN is a powerful tool for deciphering and labeling patterns. Structurally, an RNTN is a binary tree with three nodes: a root and two leaves. The root and leaf nodes are not neurons, but instead, they are groups of neurons – the more complicated the input data, the more neurons are required. RNTNs have been successfully applied to [[Sentiment Analysis]], where the input is a sentence in its parse tree structure, and the output is the classification for the input sentence, i.e., whether the meaning is very negative, negative, neutral, positive, or very positive
** [[Temporal Difference (TD) Learning]]: refers to a class of model-free [[Reinforcement Learning (RL)]] methods which learn by bootstrapping from the current estimate of the value function. These methods sample from the environment, like Monte Carlo methods, and perform updates based on current estimates, like dynamic programming methods. While Monte Carlo methods only adjust their estimates once the final outcome is known, TD methods adjust predictions to match later, more accurate, predictions about the future before the final outcome is known.

<hr>

[https://iohk.io/en/blog/posts/2021/10/27/ouroboros-chronos-provides-the-first-high-resilience-cryptographic-time-source-based-on-blockchain/ Time is an indispensable concept within computer programs and applications. Without this concept, we would not be able to access any transport layer security (TLS) based websites, exchange data, or utilize various cryptographic algorithms. | Olga Hryniuk - Input Output] 

<hr>

= What Time Is It? =
* [https://www.darpa.mil/news-events/2019-08-20 DARPA Making Progress on Miniaturized Atomic Clocks for Future PNT Applications | ][[Defense#US Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA)|US Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA)]]

<img src="https://www.darpa.mil/DDM_Gallery/nist-csac-619-316.jpg" width="1000">

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Atomic Clocks Are Reinventing Time
 Though humans don't experience it in their daily lives, gravity and movement can change how time elapses. Ultra-precise atomic clocks are now able to measure these tiny changes, known as time dilation. It's a technological advance that could revolutionize our understanding of time.
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How Far Back is the James Webb able to See? with Dr. Klaus Pontoppidan
 How Far Back is the James Webb able to See?
Project scientist for the James Webb Space Telescope Dr. Klaus Pontoppidan explains the science revealed in the first full-color images released from the JWST.
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A Brief History of Timekeeping
 SciShow It’s time for another leap second! Join SciShow as we celebrate by exploring the long and strange history of timekeeping. Hosted by: Michael Aranda Dooblydoo thanks go to the following Patreon supporters -- we couldn't make SciShow without them! Shout out to Justin Ove, Justin Lentz, David Campos, John Szymakowski, Peso255, Jeremy Peng, Avi Yaschin, and Fatima Iqbal. Like SciShow? Want to help support us, and also get things to put on your walls, cover your torso and hold your liquids? Check out our awesome products over at DFTBA Records: https://dftba.com/scishow Or help support us by becoming our patron on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/scishow
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<youtube>At5atF4mKiU</youtube>
TimeLine - A Brief Introduction To The History Of Timekeeping Devices
 SpotImageryLtd An animated documentary about how time was measured in the past, and how we measure it in present day.
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This 3D Quantum Gas Clock Could Redefine Time
 Seeker Time may be a human construct but that hasn't stopped physicists from perfecting it. Read More: JILA’s 3-D Quantum Gas Atomic Clock Offers New Dimensions in Measurement https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news... “JILA physicists have created an entirely new design for an atomic clock, in which strontium atoms are packed into a tiny three-dimensional (3-D) cube at 1,000 times the density of previous one-dimensional (1-D) clocks. In doing so, they are the first to harness the ultra-controlled behavior of a so-called “quantum gas” to make a practical measurement device.” Jun Ye: Let There Be Light (and Thus, Time) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bbBmk... Dr. Jun Ye, professor of physics at the University of Colorado at Boulder and a fellow of both the National Institute of Standards and Technology and JILA, explains how lasers are used to manipulate atoms inside and out for ultra-precise clocks. Ultra-Accurate Clocks Lead Search for New Laws of Physics https://www.quantamagazine.org/ultra-.. Atomic clocks are letting physicists tighten the lasso around elusive phenomena such as dark matter. Sign Up For The Seeker Newsletter Here - https://bit.ly/1UO1PxI Seeker inspires us to see the world through the lens of science and evokes a sense of curiosity, optimism and adventure.
Visit the Seeker website https://www.seeker.com/
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<youtube>LxbkyuzXst4</youtube>
David Wineland Public Lecture: Keeping Better Time - The Era of Optical Atomic Clocks
 Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics David Wineland, 2012 Nobel Laureate in Physics, will explore the theoretical and technological know-how needed to build ultra-precise atomic clocks during his Perimeter Institute Public Lecture on Wednesday, Nov. 4, 2015. Find information about future Perimeter institute Public Lectures here: https://ow.ly/UiOr5
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A brief History of the Calendar and Time Keeping
 School of Business and Economics Tuesday 23 February, 20h00 • Aula Minderbroedersberg 4-6 • Dr. Donna Carroll, Lecturer of Physics, Maastricht University How many times a day do you check your calendar or look at your clock? These days our lives are driven by deadlines, schedules and timetables. Time and its many divisions (hours, days, weeks, months, and years) have completely shaped our lives and yet we seldom take the time to consider how these concepts arose. The calendar is inextricably linked to the mechanics of our solar system, and the way in which we describe our periods of time has arisen from ancient speculation in astronomy, mathematics and religion.
In this talk, Donna Carroll will provide a brief history of our calendar and an introduction to time measurement. A fascinating field where astronomy, astrology, mathematics, politics, agriculture, superstition and religion all come together. For more information please visit: SG Maastricht: https://www.sg.unimaas.nl/ Talkin'Business: https://www.talkinbusiness.nl/ University Maastricht: https://www.maastrichtuniversity.nl/
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<youtube>CKJuC5CUMgU</youtube>
WSU: Space, Time, and Einstein with Brian Greene
 World Science Festival Join Brian Greene, acclaimed physicist and author, on a wild ride into the mind of Albert Einstein, revealing deep aspects of the world that defy everyday experience. Using a visually rich canvas of animations, Greene leads you through all the startling conclusions of special relativity, from time travel to space warps to E = mc2. In the span of 2+ hours, this short master class will change your conception of reality. This is a mostly non-mathematical version of the WSU Master Class “Special Relativity with Brian Greene.” https://youtu.be/XFV2feKDK9E #WorldSciU
The Special Theory of Relativity - 00:05
Speed - 00:05:50
The Speed of Light - 00:18:23
Relativity of Simultaneity - 00:27:42
Time in Motion - 00:37:42
How Fast Does Time Slow? - 00:47:49
Time Dilation: Experimental Evidence - 01:05:31
The Reality of Past, Present, and Future - 01:14:37
Time Dilation: Intuitive Explanation - 01:28:38
Motion's Effect on Space - 01:32:34
The Pole in the Barn: Quantitative Details - 01:49:48
The Twin Paradox - 02:10:39
Implications for Mass - 02:19:17
Special Relativity - 02:29:06
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<youtube>0aGvNazSUKE</youtube>
Timing in Mission-Critical Systems
 GPS World You’ll hear from our expert speaker panel about real-life timing challenges in mission-critical applications, such as satellite and military communications, test ranges and radar; time transfer accuracy and stability via GPS or PTP; and what technologies to look for in your next-generation instrument class clock to cost-effectively deliver accurate and stable time and frequency signal types, signal output flexibility and robust security. Speakers: Paul Skoog, Microsemi Corporation; Scott Williams, G.L. Williams Associates; and James L. Wright, Range Generation Next Original Broadcast Date: March 31, 2016
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<youtube>g54sxScqd-c</youtube>
The Importance of Time Synchronization - I&C Short Tips
 Affinity Energy Learn more at https://affinityenergy.com - Time synchronization is overlooked in terms of specification of applications in terms of hardware, proper controls, and data acquisition. Here's an example of why time synchronization is so important in a double ended substation.
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<hr>


The Earth's rotation is so accurate it varies only in milliseconds ...do you feel the Earth rotation slowing down?


<hr>

 

== Light Clock 1905 - Einstein's Thought Experiment ==

Imagine you have a special clock that works with light. This clock has two mirrors facing each other, and a beam of light bounces up and down between them. Every time the light goes from the bottom mirror to the top and back down, it counts as one tick of the clock. Einstein's light clock thought experiment shows that when things move fast, time slows down for them. This surprising idea helps us understand the nature of time and motion in our universe. Now, let's think about this clock in two different situations.

Situation 1: Standing Still: First, picture the clock sitting on a table, not moving at all. The light goes straight up to the top mirror and straight back down to the bottom mirror. If you measured the time it takes for the light to do this, you would see it takes a certain amount of time for one tick.

Situation 2: Moving Clock: Now, imagine you place the clock on a skateboard and push it so it's moving. As the clock moves, the light beam has to travel a different path. Instead of going straight up and down, it now has to go in a diagonal path because the mirrors are moving while the light is traveling. It's like when you throw a ball to a friend while running; the ball has to cover more distance because both of you are moving.

What This Means ... Because the light in the moving clock has to travel a longer, diagonal path, it takes more time for one tick to happen compared to when the clock is standing still. This means that for someone watching the moving clock, time appears to run slower for the moving clock compared to a clock that's not moving. This idea is called time dilation. It means that time actually passes at different rates depending on how fast something is moving. If you were riding on the skateboard with the clock, you wouldn't notice anything different about the clock's ticks. But someone standing still and watching you would see that your clock ticks more slowly.

Why It Matters ... This thought experiment helps us understand that time isn't the same everywhere and can be different depending on how fast things are moving. This concept is a key part of Einstein's theory of special relativity, which helps scientists understand how the universe works, especially when things are moving very fast, like spaceships or particles in a collider.

<youtube>b2Vd9HGB5XQ</youtube>

= Precision Time Protocol (PTP) =
[https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=Precision+Time+Protocol+PTP+artificial+intelligence+ai YouTube search...]
[https://www.google.com/search?q=Precision+Time+Protocol+PTP+artificial+intelligence+ai ...Google search]

* [https://endruntechnologies.com/pdf/PTP-1588.pdf Precision Time Protocol PTP-1588 | IEEE] ...High precision clock synchronization that computes latency and offset
* [https://engineering.fb.com/2022/11/21/production-engineering/precision-time-protocol-at-meta/ How Precision Time Protocol is being deployed at Meta | Oleg Obleukhov & Ahmad Byagowi - CONNECTIVITY, NETWORKING & TRAFFIC, OPEN SOURCE, PRODUCTION ENGINEERING, UNCATEGORIZED, WEB]
* [https://www.juniper.net/documentation/us/en/software/junos/time-mgmt/topics/topic-map/precion-time-protocol.html#id_bpx_2ch_lrb PTP IEEE 1588v2 | Juniper Networks] ...Time Management Administration Guide

The Precision Time Protocol (PTP) is a protocol used to synchronize clocks throughout a computer network. On a local area network, it achieves clock accuracy in the sub-microsecond range, making it suitable for measurement and control systems.[1] PTP is currently employed to synchronize financial transactions, mobile phone tower transmissions, sub-sea acoustic arrays, and networks that require precise timing but lack access to satellite navigation signals.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precision_Time_Protocol Wikipedia]

Overall, its structure is similar to NTP in that there are different levels within it and GPS satellites can serve as its time source. However, the major difference between Network Time Protocol (NTP) and PTP is that PTP is accurate to microseconds, meaning that it is more exact than NTP

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Precision Time Protocol (PTP) IEEE-1588
 a basic overview of how the Precision Time Protocol (PTP) is used to synchronize, and set the correct time of day within a network. Potentially Nano Second accuracy can be achieved.
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<youtube>WX5E8x3pYqg</youtube>
How Computers Synchronize Their Clocks - NTP and PTP Explained
 It is important for computers to know the correct time. Everything from online shopping to stock market trades rely on accurate time keeping. But how do computers know what time it is? Here is a quick look at how computers synchronize their clocks including a look at NTP and PTP.
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= Positioning, Navigation and Timing (PNT) =
[https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=Navigation+positioning+Aid+radar+waves+artificial+intelligence+ai YouTube search...]
[https://www.google.com/search?q=Navigation+positioning+Aid+radar+waves+artificial+intelligence+ai ...Google search]

* [[Time]] ... [[Time#Positioning, Navigation and Timing (PNT)|PNT]] ... [[Time#Global Positioning System (GPS)|GPS]] ... [[Causation vs. Correlation#Retrocausality| Retrocausality]] ... [[Quantum#Delayed Choice Quantum Eraser|Delayed Choice Quantum Eraser]] ... [[Quantum]]
* [[Case Studies]]
** [[Smart Cities]]
** [[Transportation (Autonomous Vehicles)]]
** [[Travel & Tourism]]
** [[Robotics]]
** [[Agriculture]]
** [[Government Services]]
** [[Defense]]
* [[Autonomous Drones]]
* [https://www.google.com/maps Google Maps] ... [https://wiki-map.com/map/?locale=en&lat=38.8416&lng=-75.2398 Wiki-Map] ... [https://www.marinetraffic.com/en/ais/home/centerx:-75.1/centery:38.9/zoom:11 Marine Traffic] ... [https://www.marinevesseltraffic.com/DELAWARE-BAY/ship-traffic-tracker Marine Vessel Traffic] ... [https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/36a7f6a6f5a9448496de641cf64bd375 Interactive Map: Russia's Invasion of Ukraine]
* [https://thenextweb.com/artificial-intelligence/2019/03/04/deepmind-teaches-ai-to-follow-navigational-directions-like-humans/ Deepmind teaches AI to follow navigational directions like humans | Tristan Greene]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_navigation History of Navigation | Wikipedia]
** [https://www.amazon.com/Longitude-Genius-Greatest-Scientific-Problem/dp/080271529X/ref=sr_1_1?crid=3KYYCAGJ2JJD6 Longitude: The True Story of a Lone Genius Who Solved the Greatest Scientific Problem of His Time | Dava Sobel][[Amazon]] ...[https://tpplayer-video-featured-snippets.googleusercontent.com/player.html?video=x2z5wg8&start=0&end=70 Video: "Lost at Sea: The Search for Longitude"] [https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/longitude/ Nova companion Web site]
* [https://www.dhs.gov/science-and-technology/pnt-program Department of Homeland Security (DHS) Science and Technology (S&T) Positioning, Navigation, and Timing (PNT) Program]
* [https://www.faa.gov/air_traffic/publications/atpubs/aim_html/chap1_section_1.html Navigation Aids | Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration]
* [https://www.vectornav.com/products/vn-200 VN-300 | Vectornav] ...miniature, high-performance Dual Antenna Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS)-Aided Inertial Navigation System (INS) that combines micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) inertial sensors, two high-sensitivity GNSS receivers, and advanced Kalman filtering algorithms to provide optimal estimates of position, velocity, and orientation.

Navigation is a field of study that focuses on the process of monitoring and controlling the movement of a craft or vehicle from one place to another.[1] The field of navigation includes four general categories: land navigation, marine navigation, aeronautic navigation, and space navigation. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navigation Navigation | Wikipedia]

<youtube>p-9wxYdJing</youtube>

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<youtube>6E_4jhFalXE</youtube>
Navigation Systems
 ERAU SpecialVFR
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<youtube>iuy0FiEW6yE</youtube>
How did Planes Fly Before GPS?
 How did Planes Fly Before GPS?:
The Wright Brothers first took to the skies in 1903 but GPS wasn't publicly available until 1983, so how did planes traverse the world in those 80 years? From celestial navigation to dead reckoning, to the firsts forms of radio telemetry (like adock range stations and LORAN) we'll be discussing them all in this video. Discord: https://discord.gg/DUvyS8n Amazon Affiliate Link*: https://amzn.to/3kNTHhK
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<youtube>nEtOmNrxwoU</youtube>
PNT Requirements Definition – Some Principles with John Pottle
 Royal Institute of Navigation. Presenter: John Pottle, Director of the Royal Institute of Navigation
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<youtube>NN1pc28cpVI</youtube>
Hosted PNT as a Service (PNTaaS)
 NAVSYS Corporation. The threat to GPS drives demand for a back-up position, navigation, and timing (PNT) solution that can operate in the event of denial of service to the GPS satellite signals. The military is dependent on PNT for their warfighting operations, and national critical infrastructure is also reliant on GPS for positioning and timing. In this video, we describe our PNT as a Service (PNTaaS) concept that will leverage capabilities already existing on certain commercial broadband internet satellite constellations to allow their signals to be used for PNT.
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== Global Positioning System (GPS) ==
[https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=GPS+Global+Positioning+GNSS+clock+time+keeping+artificial+intelligence+ai YouTube search...]
[https://www.google.com/search?q=GPS+Global+Positioning+GNSS+clock+time+keeping+artificial+intelligence+ai ...Google search]

* [[Time]] ... [[Time#Positioning, Navigation and Timing (PNT)|PNT]] ... [[Time#Global Positioning System (GPS)|GPS]] ... [[Causation vs. Correlation#Retrocausality| Retrocausality]] ... [[Quantum#Delayed Choice Quantum Eraser|Delayed Choice Quantum Eraser]] ... [[Quantum]]
* [[Astronomy]]
* GPS has been copied by [[Government Services#Russia|Russia's]] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GLONASS GLONASS], Europe’s [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galileo_(satellite_navigation) Galileo], [[Government Services#China|China's]] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BeiDou BeiDou], India’s IRNSS, and Japan’s [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quasi-Zenith_Satellite_System QZSS]
* [https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/5608862 Artificial intelligence in GPS navigation systems | Jeffrey L. Duffany]
* RoadTagger: [https://newatlas.com/technology/gps-system-ai-upgrade/ GPS system upgrade utilizes AI to make sure you're in the right lane | David Nield - New Atlas] ...[https://www.inceptivemind.com/artificial-intelligence-roadtagger-digital-maps-improve-gps-navigation/11525/ Artificial intelligence to update digital maps and improve GPS navigation | Amit Malewar - InceptiveMind]
* [https://www.gps.gov/ GPS.gov] ...[https://www.gps.gov/applications/timing/ Timing]
* [https://insidegnss.com/ Inside GNSS] ...Global Navigation Satellite Systems
* [https://www.space.com/19794-navstar.html Navstar | Space.com] ...is a network of U.S. satellites that provide GPS services
* [https://wtop.com/science/2020/11/spacex-launches-third-generation-gps-navigation-satellite/ SpaceX launches third-generation GPS navigation satellite | CBS News] ...GPS-3 satellite — the fourth in a series of more powerful third-generation navigation stations built by Lockheed Martin — was expected to be deployed about a 90 minutes after liftoff. Assuming tests and checkout go well, it will join a globe-spanning constellation of 31 GPS satellites.
* [https://www.militaryaerospace.com/sensors/article/14187009/navigation-and-guidance-asic-gps Air Force asks three U.S. contractors to develop miniature ASIC technology for next-gen GPS receivers | John Keller - Military & Aerospace Electronics] ...small low-power-consumption GPS enabling technologies to include a next-generation ASIC for secure GPS land navigation.
* [https://spectrum.ieee.org/tech-talk/aerospace/satellites/final-piece-of-chinas-beidou-navigation-satellite-system-comes-online [[Government Services#China|China]] Launches Beidou, Its Own Version of GPS | Andrew Jones - IEEE Spectrum] ...[[Government Services#China|China]] places the final Beidou navigation system satellite into orbit
* [https://eurasiantimes.com/the-indian-navigation-satellite-system-irnss-approved-by-imp-for-global-operations/ Big News For ISRO! Indian Navigation System (IRNSS) Gets Approval By IMP For Global Operations | Smriti Chaudhary - The EurAsuan Times]

GPS receivers that use the L5 band can pinpoint to within 30 centimeters or 11.8 inches. The GPS concept is based on [[time]] and the known position of GPS specialized satellites. The satellites carry very stable atomic clocks that are synchronized with one another and with the ground clocks. Any drift from time maintained on the ground is corrected daily. In the same manner, the satellite locations are known with great precision. GPS receivers have clocks as well, but they are less stable and less precise. Each GPS satellite continuously transmits a radio signal containing the current time and data about its position. Since the speed of radio waves is constant and independent of the satellite speed, the time delay between when the satellite transmits a signal and the receiver receives it is proportional to the distance from the satellite to the receiver. A GPS receiver monitors multiple satellites and solves equations to determine the precise position of the receiver and its deviation from true time. At a minimum, four satellites must be in view of the receiver for it to compute four unknown quantities (three position coordinates and clock deviation from satellite time). [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Positioning_System Global Positioning System | Wikipedia]

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<youtube>ozAPGnr-934</youtube>
Why The US Military Made GPS Free-To-Use
 Create a free account on SimScale here: https://goo.gl/qByVRB Find all recordings of the Drone Design Workshop here: https://goo.gl/hSh5nA Listen to our new podcast at:
Showmakers YouTube channel at: https://goo.gl/Ks1WMp
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<youtube>aDWbpRXblMk</youtube>
Satellite Navigation Systems Overview with John Pottle
 Royal Institute of Navigation. John Pottle, Director of the Royal Institute of Navigation, will put into [[context]] what the hundreds of navigation satellites in space are all for and how they work together. This webinar will explain the similarities and differences between global and regional satellite navigation systems, how they are co-ordinated, and by whom. The space-based augmentation systems will also be covered: what are these and how do they help? *During the webinar Q&A there was a question about whether or not GNSS could be used for moon missions - please see: Website: https://rin.org.uk/
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<youtube>8eTlI19_57g</youtube>
GPS, How does it work? | ICT #12
 GPS has already become an integral part of our lives, and you can see a few useful applications from these examples. GPS is really an interesting technology. It uses a system of 24 satellites continuously orbiting the earth, and requires at least four satellites to track your location; it uses an atomic clock, and the time error of your mobile phone is also a matter of great concern. Moreover, Albert Einstein’s theory of relativity plays an important role in GPS technology, finally, a real-life application for the theory of relativity! Let’s put aside all these complications and understand the technology of GPS in a step by step and logical manner. Be a Learn Engineering supporter or contributor: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCqZQ...
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<youtube>ySr4eepUVqI</youtube>
MIT's AI System helps to improve GPS navigation in places with limited map data | RoadTagger
 Rajamanickam Antonimuthu An AI model developed at MIT and Qatar Computing Research Institute uses only satellite imagery to automatically tag road features in digital maps. This innovation could improve GPS navigation, especially in countries with limited map data.
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<youtube>-g3sW40o4TU</youtube>
GPS vs AI: The Challenges of Losing Satellite Signal | Roborace
 How do trees affect satellite and GPS acquisition during a Roborace test run? #Education #Roborace #AutonomousVehicles Trees have a detrimental effect on the GPS and Satellite system for the DevBot 2.0, as it is one of the most important factors for autonomous racing. Roborace is the world’s first competition for human + machine teams, using both self-driving and manually-controlled cars. Race formats will feature new forms of immersive entertainment to engage the next generation of racing fans. Through sport, innovations in machine-driven technologies will be accelerated. Roborace will redefine the way you think about autonomous technology. To be a part of our autonomous journey, subscribe to our channel: https://goo.gl/TNbPAB
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<youtube>0k2QdX6yZiw</youtube>
Brian Cox Just Announced Mind-Bending Theory Of Time
 Everything in our universe seems perfect. There are laws governing the entire universe, but certain mysteries have remained unsolved despite decades of research. Why does time travel in one direction? What is the nature of reality? Why does Gravity exist? Why does time slow down when we travel at the speed of light? These are questions that have fascinated us for millennia.
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<youtube>GrKtsafA2UU</youtube>
A9G GPS & GPRS Module Tutorial | Ai-Thinker | AT Commands
 PCBWAY: https://www.pcbway.com/ Wanna help us out? [https://github.com/akarsh98/A9G-Supporting-material GitHub] Consider donating any amount: https://www.paypal.me/akarsh98 CETech@FB: https://www.facebook.com/CETech4u/ Our email: akarshagarwal98@gmail.com Track: Raiko - Revenger [NCS Release] Music provided by NoCopyrightSounds. Watch: https://youtu.be/Vj_V0RfdTSY Free Download / Stream: https://ncs.io/Revenger [[Meta|Facebook]]
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<youtube>8eOEhphQz6k</youtube>
Using AI to get city and weather from GPS
 A quick demo of how Noodl AI and the Function Co-pilot node can be used to call different API's from a simple text prompts to gather location and weather data from location coordinates.
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=== Deep-Space Positioning System (DPS) ===
[https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=outer+space+Positioning+Navigation+Timing+PNT+GPS+artificial+intelligence+ai YouTube search...]
[https://www.google.com/search?q=outer+space+Positioning+Navigation+Timing+PNT+GPS+artificial+intelligence+ai ...Google search]

* [https://futurism.com/the-byte/planetary-navigation-nasa-space-gps NASA is Making An AI-Based GPS For Space | Kristin Houser]
* [https://frontierdevelopmentlab.org/#!/ Frontier Development Lab (FDL)] ...Artificial Intelligence Research for Space Science, Exploration & All Humankind

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<youtube>nMZowFNNPFo</youtube>
Space Is Hard | There Is No GPS in Space
 There is no mapping app for deep space, at least not yet. If we're going to explore there we'll need new navigation tools. Here's how NASA is going to keep its rockets on target. Still haven’t subscribed to WIRED on YouTube? https://wrd.cm/15fP7B7 CONNECT WITH WIRED Web: https://wired.com
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== Jamming and Spoofing ==
[https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=Jamming+Spoofing+Positioning+Navigation+Timing+PNT+GPS+GNSS+GB-GRAM+INS+CSAC+artificial+intelligence+ai YouTube search...]
[https://www.google.com/search?q=Jamming+Spoofing+Positioning+Navigation+Timing+PNT+GPS+GNSS+GB-GRAM+INS+CSAC+artificial+intelligence+ai ...Google search]

* [https://RNTFnd.org/ The Resilient Navigation and Timing Foundation]
** [https://rntfnd.org/wp-content/uploads/Multi-LayerFinal.jpg Multi‐level resiliency model]
** [https://rntfnd.org/2020/11/27/china-research-paper-on-differential-eloran-sensors-journal/ China Research Paper on Differential eLoran – Sensors Journal]
** [https://rntfnd.org/wp-content/uploads/Resilient-National-Timing-Architecture-16-Oct-2020.pdf A Resilient National Timing Architecture – 16 October 2020]
** [https://rntfnd.org/2020/12/05/gps-jamming-spoofing-2020-year-in-review-spirents-guy-buesnel/ GPS Jamming & Spoofing, 2020 Year in Review – Spirent’s Guy Buesnel]
** [https://rntfnd.org/2021/06/05/the-russia-trap-single-points-of-failure-gps/ “The Russia Trap” – Single Points of Failure & GPS | Blog Editor / George Beebe]
* [https://www.dhs.gov/publication/st-resilient-pnt-conformance-framework Department of Homeland Security (DHS) Science and Technology (S&T) Resilient Positioning, Navigation, and Timing (PNT) Conformance Framework]
* [https://www.forbes.com/sites/steveforbes/2020/11/13/the-space-force-a-conversation-with-united-states-secretary-of-the-air-force-barbara-barrett/?sh=61d1c90a41fa The Space Force: A Conversation With United States Secretary Of The Air Force Barbara Barrett | Steve Forbes - Forbes] ... We are vulnerable. For example, the U.S. and the global economy are totally dependent on satellites, most especially the GPS, which is operated by the Space Force.

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<youtube>L2fZGVVH5lg</youtube>
2019-06-19_The History of GPS Spoofing
 Incose Chesapeake Mr Dana Goward discussed the [[development]] of Global Positioning System (GPS) spoofing from a fiction account in film to being an everyday problem.
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<youtube>r4UdHE3JNnU</youtube>
How to fool a GPS - Todd Humphreys
 TED-Ed Todd Humphreys forecasts the near-future of geolocation when millimeter-accurate GPS "dots" will enable you to find pin-point locations, index-search your physical possessions ... or to track people without their knowledge. And the response to the sinister side of this technology may have unintended consequences of its own. (Filmed at TEDxAustin.) Talk by Todd Humphreys.
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<youtube>f-tVx5DuoLs</youtube>
Orolia Presents: GPS World Webinar – Resilient PNT for a 5G World
 Panelists will discuss key factors for the successful implementation of 5G technology for 5G infrastructures, automotive, and mission critical applications:
- Testing requirements needed to ensure consistent operations
- Resilient Positioning, Navigation and Timing (PNT) technologies that can help ensure accurate, continuous operations for critical applications during interference or signal loss.
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<youtube>T6YS7gMJCUc</youtube>
Which is the bigger problem? Risk assessment for PNT with Dana Goward
 This webinar is part of the Resilient Positioning Navigation and Timing Seminar Series. Find out more about this series at: https://rin.org.uk/events/EventDetail... Presenter: Dana Goward, President & Director, Resilient Navigation and Timing Foundation
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=== Assured-Positioning, Navigation and Timing (A-PNT) ===
[https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=Assured+Positioning+Navigation+Timing+PNT+GPS+GNSS+GB-GRAM+INS+CSAC+artificial+intelligence+ai YouTube search...]
[https://www.google.com/search?q=Assured+Positioning+Navigation+Timing+PNT+GPS+GNSS+GB-GRAM+INS+CSAC+artificial+intelligence+ai ...Google search]

* [[Cybersecurity]]
* [https://www.esd.whs.mil/Portals/54/Documents/DD/issuances/dodi/465008p.pdf DOD INSTRUCTION 4650.08 Positioning, Navigation and Timing Warfare]
** [https://www.gao.gov/products/gao-21-320sp DOD is Developing Positioning, Navigation, and Timing Technologies to Complement GPS | GAO] DOD is pursuing approaches, such as creating common standards and interfaces, to aid in integrating and fielding new PNT technologies faster and at lower cost. DOD is developing its PNT modeling and simulation capabilities to evaluate the performance of new PNT technologies.
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NCOcliI-nkM Tactical Radio (TR) A-PNT Overview | COL Daniel F. Kuntz, USA - TRADOC Capabilities Manager Tactical Radios (TCM TR) - U.S. Army Cyber Center of Excellence & Fort Gordon]
* [https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA494614.pdf National Positioning, Navigation, and Timing Architecture | Lt Col Patrick Huested, USAF National Security Space Office and Paul D. Popejoy The Aerospace Corporation]
* [https://rntfnd.org/wp-content/uploads/Resilient-National-Timing-Architecture-16-Oct-2020.pdf A Resilient National Timing Architecture: Securing Today's, Enabling Tomorrow's | Dr. Marc Weiss, Dr. Patrick Diamond, and Mr. Dana A. Goward]

* [https://www.curtisswrightds.com/technologies/open-architecture/assured-position-navigation-timing.html A-PNT: Assured Position, Navigation and Timing | Curtiss-Wright]
* [https://www.express.co.uk/news/science/1358337/china-vs-us-beijing-wipe-out-gps-space-conflict-moon-mars-satellite-taiwan-joe-biden-spt China tipped to 'wipe out' GPS with 'dire consequences' after conflict catalyst exposed | Callum Hoare - The Daily Express] ...[[Government Services#China|China]] could bring the world to its knees by "wiping out" GPS, a key system used by the US military and its NATO allies, an expert on space policy has told Express.co.uk [https://www.marinelink.com/news/gps-unreliability-483109 GPS Unreliability | Dennis L. Bryant - MarineLink]

Like the GPS units in many automobiles today, a simple receiver and some processing power is all that is needed for accurate navigation. But, what if the GPS satellites suddenly became unavailable due to malfunction, enemy action or simple interference, such as driving into a tunnel? Unavailability of GPS would be inconvenient for drivers on the road, but could be disastrous for military missions. [https://www.darpa.mil/news-events/2013-04-10 Extreme Miniaturization: Seven Devices, One Chip to Navigate without GPS | ] [[Defense#US Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA)|US Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA)]]

<img src="https://rntfnd.org/wp-content/uploads/National-PNT-Architecture.jpg" width="1000">

[https://cms7.dot.gov/pnt/national-positioning-navigation-and-timing-pnt-architecture National Positioning, Navigation, and Timing (PNT) Architecture | U.S. Department of Transportation]

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<youtube>rDplstBfxp0</youtube>
System Performance and Resilience or: What could possibly go wrong? with Prof Marek Ziebart
 Royal Institute of Navigation. Presenter: Prof Marek Ziebart, Director, Space Geodesy and Navigation Group, University College London Website: https://rin.org.uk/
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<youtube>qLcHe18rtvI</youtube>
GPS/GNSS Spoofing and How To Detect It
 GPSPATRON GNSS Interference Issues What is GNSS Spoofing? Spoofing Detection Solution In this video, we describe GNSS spoofing/jamming and how to detect it.
GPSPATRON is facilitated to protect GNSS-dependent infrastructure against spoofing/jamming or other GNSS signals anomalies that cause time/position accuracy degradation
More about GNSS spoofing detection: https://gpspatron.com/detecting-gnss-... Links: https://rntfnd.org/2018/04/24/5-gps-s... https://www.c4reports.org/aboveusonly...
https://www.gpsworld.com/ https://insidegnss.com/ https://www.gps.gov/
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<youtube>5T6v1HK-a6s</youtube>
When GNSS fails, what will you do? - MarRINav!
 Royal Institute of Navigation. This webinar, called 'When GNSS fails, what will you do? - MarRINav! ' features presentations and comments form Jonathan Turner (NLA Int.), Dr Alan Grant (GLA), and Dana Goward (RNTF). The webinar provides analysis and insights from Phase 1 of the Maritime Resilience and Integrity of Navigation (MarRINav) project. To download the full transcript of Jonathan's presentation please follow this link: https://rin.org.uk/resource/resmgr/fi... Many thanks to all co-sponsors of this webinar: Resilient Navigation and Timing Foundation, Institute of Navigation, GPS World, The Maritime Executive, and of course the MarRINav project. Website: https://rin.org.uk/
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<youtube>B6RLdr-zSfw</youtube>
The Coming Revolution in MEMS Gyroscopes and MEMS Inertial Sensors
 Wireless Integrated MicroSensing & Systems - WIMS2 Relevant for automotive robotic drone wearable applications.
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<youtube>WDATFeVTUHs</youtube>
Enabling the Next Generation of GPS Technology with Supercorrelation with Dr Ramsey Faragher
 Royal Institute of Navigation. Focal Point Positioning have developed a new method for processing GNSS radio signals called Supercorrelation which dramatically improves the performance of the earliest stage of radio processing. The software update removes multipath interference at the correlator level, and provides the ability to determine signal arrival angle without adding any new hardware to a standard GNSS device. In this webinar Dr Ramsey Faragher, Founder/CEO of FocalPoint will explain how the technology works, will cover some of the challenges that FocalPoint have overcome in deploying it on very low cost platforms, and will show off the new capabilities that it unlocks. Website: https://rin.org.uk/
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<youtube>STyLD01kZ5g</youtube>
AgilLOC Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) Anti-Jamming and Spoofing Capability
 AgilLOC Antenna Element Compact (AEC) & Resilient Time Source (RTS) provide assured access to Position, Navigation and Timing (PNT) information for mission-critical systems. AEC provides GNSS anti-jam capability under denied environment through adaptive nulling of interference sources. RTS provides add-on GNSS anti-spoof capability and timing resiliency to ensure the integrity of the GNSS.
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<youtube>k2XQQuQrWbw</youtube>
GRCon20 - Software defined radio based Global Navigation Satellite System real time spoofing....
 Software defined radio based Global Navigation Satellite System real time spoofing detection and cancellation Presented by Jean-Michel Friedt,, D. Rabus and G. Goavec-Merou at GNU Radio Conference 2020 https://gnuradio.org/grcon20 Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) -- most significantly the Global Positioning System (GPS) -- have become ubiquitous to most daily activities, from positioning and navigation to long range time synchronization or distributed energy production ("smart grid"). While initially developed as a military system hardly accessible to civilians, the advent of Software Defined Radio jamming and spoofing capabilities emphasize the low security of GNSS weak signals emitted from satellites orbiting the Earth 20000 km away. While a properly spoofing signal cannot be detected after a consumer-grade receiver has decoded the radiofrequency signal, addressing at the radiofrequency wave level the signal integrity provides the solution of identifying spoofing with all satellites appearing at the same direction of arrival. This classical beamforming analysis -- Controlled Reception Pattern Antenna (CRPA) with multiple antenna reception and phase analysis -- is demonstrated using commercial, off the shelf software defined radio platform receivers (Ettus Research B210) running the real-time GNSS decoder gnss-sdr based on GNU Radio running on embedded boards such as the Raspberry Pi4.
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<youtube>JKY03NV3C2s</youtube>
PULP-DroNet -- Autonomous Artificial Intelligence-powered Nano-Drone
 PULP-DroNet is a [[Deep Learning]]-powered visual navigation engine that enables autonomous navigation of a pocket-size quadrotor in a previously unseen environment.
Thanks to PULP-DroNet the nano-drone can explore the environment, avoiding collisions also with dynamic obstacles, in complete autonomy -- no human operator, no ad-hoc external signals, and no remote laptop! This means that all the complex computations are done directly aboard the vehicle and very fast. The visual navigation engine is composed of both a software and a hardware part. The former is based on the previous DroNet [1] project developed by the RPG [2] from the University of Zürich (UZH). DroNet is a shallow convolutional neural network (CNN) which has been used to control a standard-size quadrotor in a set of environments via remote computation. The hardware soul of PULP-DroNet is embodied by the PULP-Shield an ultra-low power visual navigation module featuring a Parallel Ultra-Low-Power (PULP) GAP8 System-on-Chip (SoC) from GreenWaves Technologies [3], an ultra-low power camera, and off-chip Flash/DRAM [[memory]]; the shield is designed as a pluggable PCB for the Crazyflie 2.0 [4] nano-drone. Then, we developed a general methodology for deploying state-of-the-art [[Deep Learning]] algorithms on top of ultra-low power embedded computation nodes, like a miniaturized drone. Our novel methodology allowed us first to deploy DroNet on the PULP-Shield, and then demonstrating how it enables the execution the CNN on board the CrazyFlie 2.0 within only 64-284mW and with a throughput of 6-18 frame-per-second! Finally, we field-prove our methodology presenting a closed-loop fully working demonstration of vision-driven autonomous navigation relying only on onboard resources, and within an ultra-low power budget. We release here, as open source, all our code, hardware designs, datasets, and trained networks. Reference: D. Palossi, F. Conti, and L. Benini An Open Source and Open Hardware [[Deep Learning]]-powered Visual Navigation Engine for Autonomous Nano-UAVs Preprint: https://arxiv.org/abs/1905.04166 PULP-Platform Project Webpage: https://www.pulp-platform.org/
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<youtube>vFU82-krqgs</youtube>
GPS Spoofing and Jamming: Learn how to protect against threats to GNSS systems
 Steatite
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<youtube>AOlZMw_secI</youtube>
Securing Positioning & Timing 7: Improving Performance by Augmenting GPS/GNSS
 Royal Institute of Navigation. The seventh, and final, of a series of webinars from the Securing Positioning & Timing short course. This webinar covers Improving Performance by Augmenting GPS/GNSS. Presented by Prof Terry Moore. Supported by the UK Space Agency. Website: https://rin.org.uk/
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<youtube>BY-FYs4rxek</youtube>
Assess performance & reduce risks across a multisensor, multi-system integration with Peter Rylands
 Royal Institute of Navigation. Presenter: Peter Rylands, Product Manager, Oxford Technical Solutions Ltd
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<youtube>vDnL_Ij3jes</youtube>
Resilient PNT for Unmanned Systems
 Orolia. Demand for unmanned systems is growing exponentially across defense and civil/commercial organizations, for applications ranging from military missions and intelligence surveillance to border security and precision agriculture.

Resilient Positioning, Navigation and Timing (PNT) data and GPS/GNSS signals are critical for unmanned systems in order to successfully pilot and control aircraft, vehicle and vessel onboard systems.
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Something is jamming GPS over Europe...
<youtube>tz23G_UXCGA</youtube>

=== Geolocation: Locating GPS/GNSS Jamming and Spoofing ===
[https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=Assured+Positioning+Navigation+Timing+PNT+GPS+GNSS+GB-GRAM+INS+CSAC+artificial+intelligence+ai YouTube search...]
[https://www.google.com/search?q=Assured+Positioning+Navigation+Timing+PNT+GPS+GNSS+GB-GRAM+INS+CSAC+artificial+intelligence+ai ...Google search]

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<youtube>lKnavLpgISc</youtube>
Securing Positioning & Timing 3: Detecting and Characterising GPS/GNSS Jamming & Spoofing
 Royal Institute of Navigation. The third of a series of webinars from the Securing Positioning & Timing short course. This webinar covers Detecting and Characterising GPS/GNSS Jamming & Spoofing. Presented by Dr Mark Dumville. Supported by the UK Space Agency. Website: https://rin.org.uk/
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<youtube>nQR8F4Hia2o</youtube>
Securing Positioning & Timing 4: Locating GPS/GNSS Jamming and Spoofing
 Royal Institute of Navigation. The fourth of a series of webinars from the Securing Positioning & Timing short course. This webinar covers Locating GPS/GNSS Jamming and Spoofing. Presented by Mike Jones. Supported by the UK Space Agency. Website: https://rin.org.uk/
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<youtube>G_i5nV1VHEM</youtube>
GNSS Jamming - Crowd Sourcing Detection and Geolocation
 GNSS Jamming - Crowd Sourcing Detection and Geolocation webinar by InsideGNSS
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<youtube>XMpBxrNaV84</youtube>
Harris Corporation - Detect and Locate GPS Jamming with Signal Sentry™ 1000
 Harris Corporation The Global Positioning System—GPS—is an essential element of the global information infrastructure. GPS jamming devices are becoming cheaper and more accessible, creating a greater need to protect from a diverse range of threats. Harris Signal Sentry 1000 is a GPS interference detection and geolocation solution. It provides a web-based visualization tool to support timely and effective actionable intelligence.
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<youtube>i6-tNzUIo0E</youtube>
Why isn’t my GPS receiver consistently more accurate? with John Pottle
 Royal Institute of Navigation. Presenter: John Pottle, Director of the RIN Website: https://rin.org.uk/
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<youtube>v-hDEJEsBso</youtube>
Current threats to GNSS: An update of incidents and impacts with Guy Buesnel
 Royal Institute of Navigation. Presenter: Guy Buesnel, PNT Security Technologist Spirent Communications plc. Website: https://rin.org.uk/
|}
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== Software-defined Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) ==
[https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=Software+defined+Global+Navigation+Satellite+System+GNSS+artificial+intelligence+ai YouTube search...]
[https://www.google.com/search?q=Software+defined+Global+Navigation+Satellite+System+GNSS+artificial+intelligence+ai ...Google search]

* [[Telecommunications#Cognitive Radio (CR) / Software-defined radio (SDR)|Cognitive Radio (CR) / Software-defined radio (SDR)]]

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<youtube>4uHdu-iGsgI</youtube>
Dr. Carles Fernandez: An Open Source Global Navigation Satellite Systems Software-Defined Receiver
 Software Defined Radio Academy GNSS-SDR (see https://gnss-sdr.org) is an open source, software-defined Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) receiver. This software application takes care of all the digital signal processing chain (from the output of the Analog-to-Digital Converter of a radio-frequency front-end, or from raw sam- ples stored in a file), performing signal acquisition and tracking of the available satellite signals, decoding the navigation message and computing the observables needed by positioning algorithms, which ultimately compute the navigation solution. Several outputs are provided in standard formats, including RINEX observation and navigation files, RTCM-104 v3.2 message streaming via TCP/IP and NMEA-0183, as well as KML, GeoJSON, and GPX files for Geographic Information Systems, map representation and Earth browsers. Currently, the software is able to process GLONASS L1 C/A, GPS L1 C/A, Galileo E1b/c, BeiDou B1I, BeiDou B3I, GLONASS L2 C/A, GPS L2C, GPS L5 and Galileo E5a signals, in all possible combinations, including multi-constellation and multi-frequency configurations. The software leverages on the GNU Radio framework, inheriting multithreading scheduling and a modular, scalable architecture. The software is designed to facilitate the inclusion of new signal processing techniques, offering an easy way to measure their impact in the overall receiver performance under fair conditions, as well as the expansion to other signals.
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<youtube>k2XQQuQrWbw</youtube>
GRCon20 - Software defined radio based Global Navigation Satellite System real time spoofing....
 Software defined radio based Global Navigation Satellite System real time spoofing detection and cancellation Presented by Jean-Michel Friedt,, D. Rabus and G. Goavec-Merou at GNU Radio Conference 2020 https://gnuradio.org/grcon20 Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) -- most significantly the Global Positioning System (GPS) -- have become ubiquitous to most daily activities, from positioning and navigation to long range time synchronization or distributed energy production ("smart grid"). While initially developed as a military system hardly accessible to civilians, the advent of Software Defined Radio jamming and spoofing capabilities emphasize the low security of GNSS weak signals emitted from satellites orbiting the Earth 20000 km away. While a properly spoofing signal cannot be detected after a consumer-grade receiver has decoded the radiofrequency signal, addressing at the radiofrequency wave level the signal integrity provides the solution of identifying spoofing with all satellites appearing at the same direction of arrival. This classical beamforming analysis -- Controlled Reception Pattern Antenna (CRPA) with multiple antenna reception and phase analysis -- is demonstrated using commercial, off the shelf software defined radio platform receivers (Ettus Research B210) running the real-time GNSS decoder gnss-sdr based on GNU Radio running on embedded boards such as the Raspberry Pi4.
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== Long Range Navigation (LORAN) ==
[https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=Long+Range+Navigation+Loran+artificial+intelligence+ai YouTube search...]
[https://www.google.com/search?q=Long+Range+Navigation+Loran+artificial+intelligence+ai ...Google search]

* [https://www.intelligent-aerospace.com/home/article/14181475/eloran-loran-c-gps-gnss Public-private partnership to launch enhanced LOng RAnge Navigation (eLORAN) technology to back-up and accompany GPS | Jamie Whitney - Intelligent Aerospace]

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<youtube>c9JZ24FRSiI</youtube>
BBC Click no GPS radio eLoran instead. Filmed at the Port of Felixstowe
 BBC Click report at the Port of Felixstowe demonstrating the loss of GPS and using eLoran as an alternative
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== [[Quantum]] Sensors in Navigation ==
[https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=Quantum+Sensors+Navigation+artificial+intelligence+ai YouTube search...]
[https://www.google.com/search?q=Quantum+Sensors+Navigation+artificial+intelligence+ai ...Google search]

* [[Quantum]]
* [https://www.ukri.org/ UK Research and Innovation]
* [https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1755-1315/237/3/032027/pdf Review of [[Quantum]] Navigation | Donghui Feng - IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science]
* [https://idstch.com/technology/quantum/quantum-sensing-technology-growing-rapidly-to-enable-ultra-sensitive-quantum-radars-imaging-and-navigation/ [[Quantum]] Sensing Technology Growing Rapidly to Enable Ultra Sensitive Quantum RADARS, Imaging, and Navigation | Rajesh Uppal - International Defence Security & Technology]

Typically, the performance of measurement devices is limited by deleterious effects such as thermal noise and vibration. Notable exceptions are atomic clocks, which operate very near their fundamental limits. Driving devices to their physical limits will open new application spaces critical to future DoD systems. Indeed, many defense-critical applications already require exceptionally precise time and frequency standards enabled only by atomic clocks. The Global Positioning System (GPS) and the internet are two key examples. Measurement systems based on atomic physics benefit from the exquisite properties of the atom. Among these are (a) precise frequency transitions, (b) the ability to initialize, control, and readout the atomic state and (c) environmental isolation. In addition, atomic properties are absolute, and do not “drift” over time. In this sense, atoms are self-calibrated, making them ideal for precision sensing. [https://www.darpa.mil/program/quantum-assisted-sensing-and-readout Quantum-Assisted Sensing and Readout (QuASAR) | ] [[Defense#US Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA)|US Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA)]]

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<youtube>eP-_vEloIRc</youtube>
Quantum Sensors in Navigation with Roger McKinlay, George Shaw and Kai Bongs
 Royal Institute of Navigation Co-hosted by the UK Quantum Technology Hub Sensors and Timing and the Royal Institute of Navigation Presenters: Professor Kai Bongs, Principal Investigator at the UK Quantum Technology Hub Sensors and Timing; Roger McKinlay, Challenge Director for Quantum Technologies, UK Research and Innovation; George Shaw, Principal Systems Engineer, General Lighthouse Authority In this trio of presentations Roger, George and Kai discuss quantum sensors in navigation... Roger covers systems considerations in PNT and vulnerabilities in GNSS, UK industry opportunities and IUK programmes George covers current maritime navigation challenges, the resilient PNT system-of-systems approach and opportunity for Quantum Sensor technology insertion Kai covers quantum Sensor [[development]]s towards navigation solutions Website: https://rin.org.uk/
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<youtube>ka5oyPfPW14</youtube>
Nanoscale Quantum Sensing - Prof. Jorg Wrachtrup
 Bar-Ilan University Nanoscale Quantum Sensing - a lecture by Prof. Jorg Wrachtrup of the Institute for Quantum Science and Technology in Germany. This lecture was given during the conference QUEST - Quantum Entanglement Science & Technology, held by Bar-Ilan University's Physics Department in June 2017.
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== Spacetime ==
[https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=Spacetime YouTube search...]
[https://www.google.com/search?q=Spacetime ...Google search]
* [[Life~Meaning]] ... [[Consciousness]] ... [[Loop#Feedback Loop - Creating Consciousness|Creating Consciousness]] ... [[Quantum#Quantum Biology|Quantum Biology]] ... [[Orch-OR]] ... [[TAME]] ... [[Protein Folding & Discovery|Proteins]]

'''Spacetime''' is a [[mathematical model]] that fuses the three dimensions of [[space]] (length, width, height) and the single dimension of [[time]] into a single four-dimensional continuum.

Before the 20th century, scientists viewed space and time as completely separate entities. Space was a static stage where events occurred, and time was a constant, universal clock. [[Albert Einstein]] and mathematician [[Hermann Minkowski]] revolutionized this view by proving they are inextricably linked.

=== Spacetime Core Concept: The Fabric of the Universe ===
In physics, every occurrence is an "event" located at a specific point in spacetime, described by four coordinates:
:<math>(x, y, z, t)</math>

Imagine meeting a friend. To ensure you meet, you must provide a specific location (spatial coordinates) and a specific time (temporal coordinate). If you omit the time, the meeting cannot happen.

=== General Relativity: Gravity as Curvature ===
The most famous application of spacetime is in Einstein’s [[General theory of relativity|General Theory of Relativity]].

* '''Newton's View:''' Gravity is an invisible force that pulls objects together.
* '''Einstein's View:''' Gravity is not a force; it is the '''curvature of spacetime'''.

Massive objects (like the [[Earth]] or [[Sun]]) warp the fabric of spacetime around them. Smaller objects (like the Moon or a satellite) do not "feel" a force pulling them; they are simply following the straightest possible path (a [[geodesic]]) along this curved surface.

=== Visualizing Spacetime: The Light Cone ===
Physicists often use '''Minkowski diagrams''' to visualize spacetime. In these graphs, time is usually plotted on the vertical axis and space on the horizontal axis.

* '''World Line:''' A line representing an object's path through time. Even if an object is stationary in space, it moves through time, creating a straight vertical world line.
* '''Light Cone:''' Since nothing can travel faster than [[Speed of light|light]], light spreading out from a single event forms a "cone" shape in the diagram. Events inside this cone can affect one another (causality); events outside are effectively disconnected.

=== Key Implications ===
* '''[[Time dilation]]:''' Because space and time are linked, moving through space affects movement through time. The faster an object travels through space, the slower it moves through time relative to a stationary observer.
* '''No Universal "Now":''' There is no single clock for the universe. Two observers moving at different speeds or in different gravitational fields will disagree on when an event happened ([[Relativity of simultaneity]]).

=== Comparison Table ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Concept
! Classical View (Newton)
! Spacetime View (Einstein)
|-
| '''Space'''
| A static, rigid stage.
| A flexible fabric that can bend and twist.
|-
| '''Time'''
| Universal and constant for everyone.
| Relative; flows at different rates for different observers.
|-
| '''Gravity'''
| A force acting at a distance.
| The curvature of the geometry of spacetime.
|}

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<youtube>YpyXVkqkQgg</youtube>
Time Does Not Exist. Let me explain with a graph.
 How do we really move through spacetime? Sadly the books have sold out.
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<youtube>3khY_bwf5FY</youtube>
What Exactly is Spacetime? Explained in Ridiculously Simple Words
 Spacetime, as a concept, is related to a space that consists of 4 dimensions instead of the regular 3-dimensional space. As early as 1905, Einstein proposed a now widely popular theory that the speed of light is independent of the motion of all observers, and that space and time are interconnected in a single continuum. This theory, which is now a cornerstone of modern and quantum physics, is known as Einstein’s special theory of relativity. Einstein's proposed idea of a single continuum where space and time are interwoven is what people call “space-time”.
According to this theory, time—which has traditionally been considered an independent entity according to the principles of classical physics—is affected when a body moves through space. This happens because, according to the theory, time and space are connected and part of a single continuum—spacetime.
In this video, we discuss spacetime in absolutely simple words: what exactly is spacetime and how is it related to the force of gravitation and Einstein’s theory of relativity?
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<youtube>GZcXNBYcfe4</youtube>
This Is Why Time Might Not Actually Exist
 Quantum Entanglement May Reveal a Reality We Can't Handle
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<youtube>yPVQtvbiS4Y</youtube>
What Actually Are Space And Time?
 If you like this video, check out writer Geraint Lewis´ excellent book, co-written with Chris Ferrie:
[https://www.amazon.com/Where-Universe-Other-Cosmic-Questions/dp/1728238811 Where Did the Universe Come From? And Other Cosmic Questions: Our Universe, from the Quantum to the Cosmos] AND check out his [https://www.youtube.com/c/AlasLewisAndBarnes Youtube channel]
|}
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== Longitude ==
[https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=Longitude YouTube search...]
[https://www.google.com/search?q=Longitude ...Google search]

* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longitude_(book) Longitude: The True Story of a Lone Genius Who Solved the Greatest Scientific Problem of His Time | Wikipedia]

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<youtube>LHvt48S9l4w</youtube>
Longitude
 Dava Sobel's book is a captivating story, such a good film with an impressive cast. What a genius Mr Harrison was. Such determination. A lesson to us all..
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<youtube>T-g27KS0yiY</youtube>
The Clock That Changed the World (BBC History of the World)
 
SciShow It’s time for another leap second! Join SciShow as we celebrate by exploring the long and strange history of timekeeping. Hosted by: Michael Aranda Dooblydoo thanks go to the following Patreon supporters -- we couldn't make SciShow without them! Shout out to Justin Ove, Justin Lentz, David Campos, John Szymakowski, Peso255, Jeremy Peng, Avi Yaschin, and Fatima Iqbal. Like SciShow? Want to help support us, and also get things to put on your walls, cover your torso and hold your liquids? Check out our awesome products over at DFTBA Records: https://dftba.com/scishow Or help support us by becoming our patron on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/scishow
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== Natural Navigation ==
[https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=Animal+Navigation+Incredible+Bees+Journeys+intelligence YouTube search...]
[https://www.google.com/search?q=Animal+Navigation+Incredible+Bees+Journeys+intelligence ...Google search]

* [[Life~Meaning]] ... [[Consciousness]] ... [[Loop#Feedback Loop - Creating Consciousness|Creating Consciousness]] ... [[Quantum#Quantum Biology|Quantum Biology]] ... [[Orch-OR]] ... [[TAME]] ... [[Protein Folding & Discovery|Proteins]]
* [[Collective Animal Intelligence]] ... [[Animal Ecology]] ... [[Animal Language]] ... [[Bird Identification]]
* [https://www.amazon.com/Incredible-Journeys-Exploring-Wonders-Navigation/dp/1473656826 Incredible Journeys: Exploring the Wonders of Animal Navigation Hardcover | David Barrie]

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<youtube>iZ52kShxeYA</youtube>
Henrik Mouritsen on How do migratory birds find their way?
 Prof. Henrik Mouritsen (University of Oldenburg, Germany) on "How do migratory birds find their way?", at the FENS Hertie Winter School 2017 on Neural Control of Behaviour - Series 1: Navigation, 10-16 December 2017, Obergurgl, Austria.
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<youtube>kzgPH0ivMoo</youtube>
Animal Navigation || Radcliffe Institute
 Lizabeth Cohen 00:16 Dean, Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study Howard Mumford Jones Professor of American Studies Department of History Harvard University John Huth 7:32 Donner Professor of Science
Codirector of the Science Program Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study Harvard University ANIMAL NAVIGATION 16:50 Susanne Åkesson 19:53 Professor and Principal Investigator Centre for Animal Movement Research, Lund University (Sweden) Introduced by Scott Edwards 17:51 Professor of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology Curator of Ornithology Alexander Agassiz Professor of Zoology in the Museum of Comparative Zoology Harvard University
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== Molecular Clock ==
Scientists use the ''molecular clock'', which assumes steady genetic changes, to estimate species divergence times, but recent models like the ''Covariant Evolutionary Tempo (CET)'' by Budd & Mann suggest evolution isn't always steady, predicting rapid bursts in major groups (like mammals or birds) early on, explaining mismatches with fossil records by showing faster initial evolution and diversification, thus refining our understanding of how large animal groups rapidly emerge.

''' How the Molecular Clock Works '''
* '''Rate of Mutation:''' The core idea is that mutations in DNA accumulate at a relatively constant rate over time.
* '''Genetic Differences:''' By comparing DNA or protein sequences between species, scientists count the genetic differences.
* '''Dating Divergence:''' More differences imply a longer time since the species shared a common ancestor, allowing estimation of evolutionary timelines.

''' Challenges & New Models (Budd & Mann's CET) '''
the Covariant Evolutionary Tempo model suggests that when a big group of organisms appear, evolution actually speeds up. This would make it appear like more time was passing when evolution was really on fast-forward, differentiating into various groups that eventually appeared in the fossil record. “While the speeding clock idea needs testing,” Telford wrote, “it could explain other mismatches between molecular clocks and the fossil record.”

* '''Fossil Record Mismatch:''' Molecular clocks sometimes suggest earlier origins for animal groups than the fossil record shows, creating a gap (e.g., the [[Cambrian explosion]]).
* '''The CET Model:''' This model proposes that when a major group starts to diversify, it experiences:
** '''Explosive Radiation:''' Rapid increases in species diversity.
** '''Elevated Molecular Rates:''' Faster rates of genetic change.
** '''Impact:''' This explains why fossil records show sudden appearances of major groups, as they truly did evolve and diversify quickly, rather than gradually over long periods, says this article from Uppsala University.

''' Significance '''
* '''Refined Timelines:''' The new models provide a more nuanced understanding of evolutionary history, reconciling molecular data with fossil evidence.
* '''Understanding Major Events:''' Helps explain rapid evolutionary events, like the emergence of mammals after dinosaur extinction, where a surviving lineage exploded in diversity.
* '''Connecting Disciplines:''' Bridges gaps between molecular biology, paleontology, and geology to build more accurate evolutionary trees.

<youtube>mzKXfz-QPF0</youtube>
<youtube>JbtfyRUxXB0</youtube>

= Time Travel in Fiction =
* [[Causation vs. Correlation]]
* [[Books, Radio & Movies - Exploring Possibilities]]
Time travel in science and fiction serves as a rich narrative tool to explore [[Causation vs. Correlation | causality]], free will, and the malleability of timelines. Scientific theories like wormholes, relativistic travel involving time dilation, and closed timelike curves provide plausible mechanisms explanation of how time travel functions. In different popular movies, books, & shows – not how it works “under the hood", but how it [[Causation vs. Correlation | causally]] affects the perspective of characters’ timelines (who has free will? can you change things by going back to the past or forwards into the future?). In particular, I explain Ender's Game, Planet of the Apes, Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban, Primer, Bill & Ted’s Excellent Adventure, Back to the Future, Groundhog Day, Looper, the video game “Braid”, and Lifeline. Whether driven by science or narrative needs, these portrayals reflect how characters experience and manipulate time, raising questions about fate, agency, and the consequences of tampering with the past

<youtube>d3zTfXvYZ9s</youtube>
<youtube>mlMFYs0-XvU</youtube>

= Time & Music =
[https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=time+music+artificial+intelligence+ai YouTube search...]
[https://www.google.com/search?q=time+music+artificial+intelligence+ai ...Google search]

* [[End-to-End Speech]] ... [[Synthesize Speech]] ... [[Speech Recognition]] ... [[Music]]

<youtube>gk17N6cDKqQ</youtube>
<youtube>Gt2zubHcER4</youtube>
<youtube>F_VjVqe3KJ0</youtube>
<youtube>2VRsIQsGDtY</youtube>

Time

2026-06-26T18:21:13Z

BPeat: /* Assured-Positioning, Navigation and Timing (A-PNT) */

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[https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=ai+clock+time+keep+GPS+position+~navigation+timing YouTube]
[https://www.quora.com/search?q=time ... Quora]
[https://www.google.com/search?q=ai+clock+time+keep+GPS+position+~navigationtiming ...Google search]
[https://news.google.com/search?q=ai+clock+time+keep+GPS+position+~navigationtiming ...Google News]
[https://www.bing.com/news/search?q=ai+clock+time+keep+GPS+position+~navigationtiming&qft=interval%3d%228%22 ...Bing News]

* [[Time]] ... [[Time#Positioning, Navigation and Timing (PNT)|PNT]] ... [[Time#Global Positioning System (GPS)|GPS]] ... [[Causation vs. Correlation#Retrocausality| Retrocausality]] ... [[Quantum#Delayed Choice Quantum Eraser|Delayed Choice Quantum Eraser]] ... [[Quantum]]
* [[Government Services]]:
** [[National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)]] ... [https://www.nist.gov/pml/time-and-frequency-division Time and Frequency Division, Physical Measurement Laboratory]
** [[U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS)]] ... [https://www.dhs.gov/science-and-technology/pnt-program Science and Technology (S&T) Positioning, Navigation, and Timing (PNT) Program]
** [[Defense]] ... [https://www.cnmoc.usff.navy.mil/Our-Commands/United-States-Naval-Observatory/Precise-Time-Department/ Precise Time Department ... U.S. Naval Observatory has maintained a Time Service Department since 1880]
* [[Perspective]] ... [[Context]] ... [[In-Context Learning (ICL)]] ... [[Transfer Learning]] ... [[Out-of-Distribution (OOD) Generalization]]
* [https://www.npl.co.uk/ntc National Timing Centre] ... Assured Time and Frequency for the UK
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time Time] ...[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time Coordinated Universal Time UTC] ... [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clock Clock] ...[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_timekeeping_devices Timekeeping | Wikipedia]
* [https://interestingengineering.com/the-very-long-and-fascinating-history-of-clocks The Very Long and Fascinating History of Clocks | Christopher McFadden - Interesting Engineering]
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t-_VPRCtiUg The Surprising Secret of Synchronization | Veritasium]
* [https://www.timeanddate.com/time/leapseconds.html What Is a Leap Second? | Konstantin Bikos and Anne Buckle - timeanddate.com]
* [https://www.amazon.com/s?k=atomic+clock&ref=nb_sb_noss_1 Atomic clocks] ...[https://www.amazon.com/s?k=tide+clock&ref=nb_sb_noss_1 Tide Clock | ][[Amazon]]
** [https://www.sciencenews.org/article/atomic-clock-general-relativity-time-warp-millimeter-physics An atomic clock measured how general relativity warps time across a millimeter | Emily Conover - ScienceNews]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clock_synchronization Clock synchronization]
* [https://bigthink.com/the-well/is-time-an-illusion/ Time: Do the past, present, and future exist all at once? | BigThink (video)] ... astrophysicist Michelle Thaller, science educator Bill Nye, author James Gleick, and neuroscientist Dean Buonomano discuss how the human brain perceives of the passage of time, the idea in theoretical physics of time as a fourth dimension, and the theory that space and time are interwoven.
* [https://primo.ai/index.php?title=Cybersecurity Cybersecurity]
** [https://www.crownsterling.io/ Crown Sterling] ... changing the face of digital security with its non-integer-based algorithms that leverage time, AI and irrational numbers.
** [https://www.csoonline.com/article/3235970/what-is-quantum-cryptography-it-s-no-silver-bullet-but-could-improve-security.html Quantum cryptography] ... the infosec industry looks to quantum cryptography and quantum key distribution (QKD)
* [https://spectrum.ieee.org/qa-creating-time-crystals-using-quantum-computers What’s a Time Crystal? | Charles Q. Choi - IEEE Spectrum] ... And how do Google researchers use quantum computers to make them? ... quantum system of many particles that organize themselves into a periodic pattern of motion—periodic in time rather than in space—that persists in perpetuity.
* [https://spectrum.ieee.org/time-reversal-interface This Mirror Reverses How Light Travels in Time There are already applications in wireless, radar, and optical-computing | Charles Q. Choi - IEEE Spectrum] ... There are already applications in wireless, radar, and optical-computing ... These applications often reverse the order of signals to help process them.

__NOTOC__

= Sequence/Time-based Algorithms =
* [https://www.advancinganalytics.co.uk/blog/2021/06/22/10-incredibly-useful-time-series-forecasting-algorithms 10 Incredibly Useful Time Series Forecasting Algorithms]
* [https://www.tableau.com/data-insights/ai/algorithms Artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms: a complete overview]
* [https://science.nasa.gov/technology/technology-highlights/new-ai-algorithms-streamline-data-processing-for-space-based-instruments New AI Algorithms Streamline Data Processing for Space-based Instruments]
* [https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbestechcouncil/2021/08/11/unlocking-the-power-of-predictive-analytics-with-ai/ Unlocking The Power Of Predictive Analytics With AI - Forbes]
* [https://blog.netsil.com/a-comparison-of-time-series-databases-and-netsils-use-of-druid-db805d471206 A Comparison of Time Series Databases and Netsil’s Use of Druid | Netsil]
* [https://azure.microsoft.com/en-us/blog/microsoft-announces-the-general-availability-of-azure-time-series-insights/ Microsoft announces the general availability of Azure Time Series Insights | Ryan Waite - Microsoft]
* [https://www.outlyer.com/blog/top10-open-source-time-series-databases/ Top 10 Time Series Databases | Outlyer]

Time-based AI algorithms are algorithms that use time series data to make predictions or analyses. Time series data are data that are collected over time and have a temporal order. For example, the daily temperature, the stock prices, or the number of visitors to a website are all time series data. These algorithms can be used for a variety of purposes, such as forecasting future values, detecting trends and patterns, and making informed decisions based on historical data. They can be applied to many different fields, including finance, economics, meteorology, and healthcare.

<hr><center>

Whenever we have developed better clocks, we’ve learned something new about the world. - Alexander Smith [https://scitechdaily.com/new-time-dilation-phenomenon-revealed-timekeeping-theory-combines-quantum-clocks-and-einsteins-relativity/ New Time Dilation Phenomenon Revealed: Timekeeping Theory Combines Quantum Clocks and Einstein’s Relativity - Dartmouth College]

</center><hr>

== Common ==

There are different types of sequence/time-based AI algorithms, depending on the goal and the method of the algorithm. Some of the most common ones are:

* Time Series Forecasting:
** [[Forecasting#Time Series Forecasting - Statistical|Statistical]]:
*** Autoregressive (AR): uses past values of the time series to predict future values. It assumes that the current value is a linear function of previous values. For example, AR can be used to forecast the weather based on historical data.
*** Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA): is an extension of AR that also accounts for the trend and the seasonality of the time series. It uses differencing to make the time series stationary (i.e., having constant mean and variance) and then applies AR and moving average (MA) models. For example, ARIMA can be used to forecast the sales of a product based on past sales and seasonal patterns.
*** Seasonal Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (SARIMA): is a further extension of ARIMA that also accounts for the cyclic variations of the time series. It uses seasonal differencing and seasonal AR and MA models to capture the periodic fluctuations of the time series. For example, SARIMA can be used to forecast the electricity demand based on past demand and seasonal factors.
*** Exponential Smoothing (ES): uses weighted averages of past values of the time series to predict future values. It gives more weight to recent values than older values, and it can also incorporate trend and seasonality components. For example, ES can be used to forecast the inventory level based on past demand and supply.
** [[Forecasting#Time Series Forecasting - Deep Learning|Deep Learning]]:
*** Prophet: is a modern and flexible approach to time series forecasting developed by [[Meta|Facebook]]. It uses a decomposable model that consists of trend, seasonality, and holiday components, and it allows for adding custom effects and prior information. For example, Prophet can be used to forecast the web traffic for a data science blog website based on past traffic and special events.
*** [[Neural Turing Machine]] (NTM): the fuzzy pattern matching capabilities of [[Neural Network]]s with the algorithmic power of programmable computers. NTMs are an instance of [[Memory]] Augmented [[Neural Network]]s, a new class of [[Recurrent Neural Network (RNN)]]s which decouple computation from [[memory]] by introducing an external [[memory]] unit. NTMs have demonstrated superior performance over Long Short-Term [[Memory]] Cells in several sequence learning tasks.
* [[Neural Network]]s:
** [[Recurrent Neural Network (RNN)]]: is a type of [[Deep Learning]] model that can process sequential data such as time series. It uses a network of neurons that have feedback loops, which enable them to store information from previous inputs. For example, RNN can be used to forecast the prices of Bitcoin based on past prices and other factors.
*** [[Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU)]]: are a gating mechanism in [[Recurrent Neural Network (RNN)]] architecture. Like other RNNs, a GRU can process sequential data such as time series, natural language, and speech1. The GRU is similar to a [[Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM)]] with a forget gate, but has fewer parameters than LSTM, as it lacks an output gate. This means that GRUs are generally easier and faster to train than their LSTM counterparts. GRUs have been found to perform similarly to LSTMs on certain tasks such as polyphonic music modeling, speech signal modeling, and natural language processing. They have shown that gating is indeed helpful in general.
*** [[Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM)]]: is a special type of RNN that can handle long-term dependencies in sequential data. It uses a [[memory]] cell that can store, update, and forget information over time, and it has gates that control the flow of information in and out of the cell. For example, LSTM can be used to forecast the generation of wind power based on past generation and weather conditions:
**** [[Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory (BI-LSTM)]]: is a type of [[Recurrent Neural Network (RNN)]] architecture that processes data in both forward and backward directions. It consists of two LSTMs: one taking the input in a forward direction, and the other in a backward direction. BI-LSTMs effectively increase the amount of information available to the network, improving the context available to the algorithm. For example, knowing what words immediately follow and precede a word in a sentence. Compared to LSTM, BI-LSTM combines the forward hidden layer and the backward hidden layer, which can access both the preceding and succeeding contexts¹. This feature of flow of data in both directions makes the BI-LSTM different from other LSTMs. BI-LSTMs have been successfully applied to various tasks such as natural language processing, speech recognition, and traffic forecasting.
**** Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory (BI-LSTM) with Attention Mechanism: is a type of [[Recurrent Neural Network (RNN)]] architecture that processes data in both forward and backward directions, and uses an attention mechanism to weigh the importance of different parts of the input sequence. The attention mechanism allows the network to focus on specific parts of the input sequence when making predictions, rather than treating all parts of the sequence equally. This can be particularly useful when dealing with long input sequences, where some parts of the sequence may be more relevant to the prediction than others. BI-LSTMs with Attention Mechanism have been successfully applied to various tasks such as text classification, [[Sentiment Analysis]], and human activity recognition.
**** [[Average-Stochastic Gradient Descent (SGD) Weight-Dropped LSTM (AWD-LSTM)]]: is a variant of LSTM that employs DropConnect for regularization, as well as NT-ASGD for optimization. NT-ASGD stands for non-monotonically triggered averaged stochastic gradient descent, which returns an average of the last iterations of weights. AWD-LSTM has shown great results on both word-level and character-level models. It has been used in research papers on word-level models and has shown great results on character-level models as well.
*** [[Sequence to Sequence (Seq2Seq)]]: can map a variable-length input sequence to a variable-length output sequence. It is often used for natural language processing tasks, such as machine translation, text summarization, conversational models, and question answering. The Seq2Seq algorithm consists of two main components: an encoder and a decoder. The encoder reads the input sequence one timestep at a time and produces a hidden vector representation of the input. The decoder then uses the hidden vector as the initial state and generates the output sequence one timestep at a time, using the previous output as the input context.
** [[Transformer]]: is a state-of-the-art [[Deep Learning]] model that can process sequential data such as time series. It uses layers of attention mechanisms that can learn how to focus on relevant parts of the input data, and it can handle long-term dependencies and parallel computations efficiently. For example, [[Transformer]] can be used to forecast the spread of COVID-19 based on past cases and interventions. [[Transformer]] can process sequential data using layers of attention mechanisms, without using recurrent or convolutional layers. It can handle long-term dependencies and parallel computations efficiently, and it can achieve better results than RNN-based Seq2Seq models on various tasks.
*** [[Generative Pre-trained Transformer (GPT)]]: are a family of language models that use [[Deep Learning]] techniques to generate natural language text. They are based on the [[transformer]] architecture and can be fine-tuned for various natural language processing tasks such as text generation, language translation, and text classification. The first GPT was introduced in 2018 by the American artificial intelligence (AI) company [[OpenAI]]. GPT models are artificial [[Neural Network]]s that are based on the [[transformer]] architecture, pre-trained on large data sets of unlabelled text, and able to generate novel human-like content
*** [[Attention]] Mechanism: allows the decoder to selectively focus on different parts of the input sequence when generating the output, instead of relying on a single fixed vector. This can improve the performance and accuracy of the Seq2Seq model, especially for long sequences
**** [[Transformer-XL]]: is a transformer-based language model that introduces the notion of recurrence to the deep self-attention network. It was designed to enable learning dependency beyond a fixed length without disrupting temporal coherence. The model consists of a segment-level recurrence mechanism and a novel positional encoding scheme. This method not only enables capturing longer-term dependency, but also resolves the context fragmentation problem. As a result, Transformer-XL learns dependency that is 80% longer than RNNs and 450% longer than vanilla [[Transformer]]s, achieves better performance on both short and long sequences, and is up to 1,800+ times faster than vanilla [[Transformer]]s during evaluation.
*** Beam search: is a technique to find the most probable output sequence given the input sequence, by keeping track of multiple candidate sequences and expanding them based on their probabilities. This can improve the quality and diversity of the output, compared to using a greedy or random search.
** Convolutional Neural Network (CNN): is another type of [[Deep Learning]] model that can process sequential data such as time series. It uses layers of filters that can extract features from local regions of the input data, and it can capture complex patterns and relationships in the data. For example, CNN can be used to forecast an avalanche in a famous ski resort based on past snowfall and temperature data.
** [[Spatial-Temporal Dynamic Network (STDN)]]: a [[Deep Learning]] framework proposed to address the challenge of modeling complex spatial dependencies and temporal dynamics in traffic prediction. A flow gating mechanism is introduced to learn the dynamic similarity between locations, and a periodically shifted attention mechanism is designed to handle long-term periodic temporal shifting. This approach has been shown to be effective in predicting taxi demand
* Other:
** Gaussian Process (GP): is a type of probabilistic model that can handle uncertainty and noise in time series data. It uses a function that defines how similar any two points in the input space are, and it produces a distribution over possible outputs for any given input. For example, GP can be used to forecast the depletion level of stocks in stores based on past sales and inventory data.
** [[End-to-End Speech]]: translation is an approach to speech translation that is gaining high interest from the research world in the last few years. It consists of using a single [[Deep Learning]] model that learns to generate translated text of the input audio in an end-to-end fashion. This approach, known as “end-to-end” or “direct” ST, supposes many advantages over the former, such as avoiding the concatenation of errors, the direct use of prosodic from speech and a lower inference time.
** [[(Tree) Recursive Neural (Tensor) Network (RNTN)]]: type of [[Neural Network]] that is mostly used for natural language processing. It has a tree structure with a neural net at each node. The purpose of these nets is to analyze data that have a hierarchy of structure. An RNTN is a powerful tool for deciphering and labeling patterns. Structurally, an RNTN is a binary tree with three nodes: a root and two leaves. The root and leaf nodes are not neurons, but instead, they are groups of neurons – the more complicated the input data, the more neurons are required. RNTNs have been successfully applied to [[Sentiment Analysis]], where the input is a sentence in its parse tree structure, and the output is the classification for the input sentence, i.e., whether the meaning is very negative, negative, neutral, positive, or very positive
** [[Temporal Difference (TD) Learning]]: refers to a class of model-free [[Reinforcement Learning (RL)]] methods which learn by bootstrapping from the current estimate of the value function. These methods sample from the environment, like Monte Carlo methods, and perform updates based on current estimates, like dynamic programming methods. While Monte Carlo methods only adjust their estimates once the final outcome is known, TD methods adjust predictions to match later, more accurate, predictions about the future before the final outcome is known.

<hr>

[https://iohk.io/en/blog/posts/2021/10/27/ouroboros-chronos-provides-the-first-high-resilience-cryptographic-time-source-based-on-blockchain/ Time is an indispensable concept within computer programs and applications. Without this concept, we would not be able to access any transport layer security (TLS) based websites, exchange data, or utilize various cryptographic algorithms. | Olga Hryniuk - Input Output] 

<hr>

= What Time Is It? =
* [https://www.darpa.mil/news-events/2019-08-20 DARPA Making Progress on Miniaturized Atomic Clocks for Future PNT Applications | ][[Defense#US Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA)|US Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA)]]

<img src="https://www.darpa.mil/DDM_Gallery/nist-csac-619-316.jpg" width="1000">

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Atomic Clocks Are Reinventing Time
 Though humans don't experience it in their daily lives, gravity and movement can change how time elapses. Ultra-precise atomic clocks are now able to measure these tiny changes, known as time dilation. It's a technological advance that could revolutionize our understanding of time.
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How Far Back is the James Webb able to See? with Dr. Klaus Pontoppidan
 How Far Back is the James Webb able to See?
Project scientist for the James Webb Space Telescope Dr. Klaus Pontoppidan explains the science revealed in the first full-color images released from the JWST.
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A Brief History of Timekeeping
 SciShow It’s time for another leap second! Join SciShow as we celebrate by exploring the long and strange history of timekeeping. Hosted by: Michael Aranda Dooblydoo thanks go to the following Patreon supporters -- we couldn't make SciShow without them! Shout out to Justin Ove, Justin Lentz, David Campos, John Szymakowski, Peso255, Jeremy Peng, Avi Yaschin, and Fatima Iqbal. Like SciShow? Want to help support us, and also get things to put on your walls, cover your torso and hold your liquids? Check out our awesome products over at DFTBA Records: https://dftba.com/scishow Or help support us by becoming our patron on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/scishow
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TimeLine - A Brief Introduction To The History Of Timekeeping Devices
 SpotImageryLtd An animated documentary about how time was measured in the past, and how we measure it in present day.
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This 3D Quantum Gas Clock Could Redefine Time
 Seeker Time may be a human construct but that hasn't stopped physicists from perfecting it. Read More: JILA’s 3-D Quantum Gas Atomic Clock Offers New Dimensions in Measurement https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news... “JILA physicists have created an entirely new design for an atomic clock, in which strontium atoms are packed into a tiny three-dimensional (3-D) cube at 1,000 times the density of previous one-dimensional (1-D) clocks. In doing so, they are the first to harness the ultra-controlled behavior of a so-called “quantum gas” to make a practical measurement device.” Jun Ye: Let There Be Light (and Thus, Time) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bbBmk... Dr. Jun Ye, professor of physics at the University of Colorado at Boulder and a fellow of both the National Institute of Standards and Technology and JILA, explains how lasers are used to manipulate atoms inside and out for ultra-precise clocks. Ultra-Accurate Clocks Lead Search for New Laws of Physics https://www.quantamagazine.org/ultra-.. Atomic clocks are letting physicists tighten the lasso around elusive phenomena such as dark matter. Sign Up For The Seeker Newsletter Here - https://bit.ly/1UO1PxI Seeker inspires us to see the world through the lens of science and evokes a sense of curiosity, optimism and adventure.
Visit the Seeker website https://www.seeker.com/
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<youtube>LxbkyuzXst4</youtube>
David Wineland Public Lecture: Keeping Better Time - The Era of Optical Atomic Clocks
 Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics David Wineland, 2012 Nobel Laureate in Physics, will explore the theoretical and technological know-how needed to build ultra-precise atomic clocks during his Perimeter Institute Public Lecture on Wednesday, Nov. 4, 2015. Find information about future Perimeter institute Public Lectures here: https://ow.ly/UiOr5
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A brief History of the Calendar and Time Keeping
 School of Business and Economics Tuesday 23 February, 20h00 • Aula Minderbroedersberg 4-6 • Dr. Donna Carroll, Lecturer of Physics, Maastricht University How many times a day do you check your calendar or look at your clock? These days our lives are driven by deadlines, schedules and timetables. Time and its many divisions (hours, days, weeks, months, and years) have completely shaped our lives and yet we seldom take the time to consider how these concepts arose. The calendar is inextricably linked to the mechanics of our solar system, and the way in which we describe our periods of time has arisen from ancient speculation in astronomy, mathematics and religion.
In this talk, Donna Carroll will provide a brief history of our calendar and an introduction to time measurement. A fascinating field where astronomy, astrology, mathematics, politics, agriculture, superstition and religion all come together. For more information please visit: SG Maastricht: https://www.sg.unimaas.nl/ Talkin'Business: https://www.talkinbusiness.nl/ University Maastricht: https://www.maastrichtuniversity.nl/
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<youtube>CKJuC5CUMgU</youtube>
WSU: Space, Time, and Einstein with Brian Greene
 World Science Festival Join Brian Greene, acclaimed physicist and author, on a wild ride into the mind of Albert Einstein, revealing deep aspects of the world that defy everyday experience. Using a visually rich canvas of animations, Greene leads you through all the startling conclusions of special relativity, from time travel to space warps to E = mc2. In the span of 2+ hours, this short master class will change your conception of reality. This is a mostly non-mathematical version of the WSU Master Class “Special Relativity with Brian Greene.” https://youtu.be/XFV2feKDK9E #WorldSciU
The Special Theory of Relativity - 00:05
Speed - 00:05:50
The Speed of Light - 00:18:23
Relativity of Simultaneity - 00:27:42
Time in Motion - 00:37:42
How Fast Does Time Slow? - 00:47:49
Time Dilation: Experimental Evidence - 01:05:31
The Reality of Past, Present, and Future - 01:14:37
Time Dilation: Intuitive Explanation - 01:28:38
Motion's Effect on Space - 01:32:34
The Pole in the Barn: Quantitative Details - 01:49:48
The Twin Paradox - 02:10:39
Implications for Mass - 02:19:17
Special Relativity - 02:29:06
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<youtube>0aGvNazSUKE</youtube>
Timing in Mission-Critical Systems
 GPS World You’ll hear from our expert speaker panel about real-life timing challenges in mission-critical applications, such as satellite and military communications, test ranges and radar; time transfer accuracy and stability via GPS or PTP; and what technologies to look for in your next-generation instrument class clock to cost-effectively deliver accurate and stable time and frequency signal types, signal output flexibility and robust security. Speakers: Paul Skoog, Microsemi Corporation; Scott Williams, G.L. Williams Associates; and James L. Wright, Range Generation Next Original Broadcast Date: March 31, 2016
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<youtube>g54sxScqd-c</youtube>
The Importance of Time Synchronization - I&C Short Tips
 Affinity Energy Learn more at https://affinityenergy.com - Time synchronization is overlooked in terms of specification of applications in terms of hardware, proper controls, and data acquisition. Here's an example of why time synchronization is so important in a double ended substation.
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<hr>


The Earth's rotation is so accurate it varies only in milliseconds ...do you feel the Earth rotation slowing down?


<hr>

 

== Light Clock 1905 - Einstein's Thought Experiment ==

Imagine you have a special clock that works with light. This clock has two mirrors facing each other, and a beam of light bounces up and down between them. Every time the light goes from the bottom mirror to the top and back down, it counts as one tick of the clock. Einstein's light clock thought experiment shows that when things move fast, time slows down for them. This surprising idea helps us understand the nature of time and motion in our universe. Now, let's think about this clock in two different situations.

Situation 1: Standing Still: First, picture the clock sitting on a table, not moving at all. The light goes straight up to the top mirror and straight back down to the bottom mirror. If you measured the time it takes for the light to do this, you would see it takes a certain amount of time for one tick.

Situation 2: Moving Clock: Now, imagine you place the clock on a skateboard and push it so it's moving. As the clock moves, the light beam has to travel a different path. Instead of going straight up and down, it now has to go in a diagonal path because the mirrors are moving while the light is traveling. It's like when you throw a ball to a friend while running; the ball has to cover more distance because both of you are moving.

What This Means ... Because the light in the moving clock has to travel a longer, diagonal path, it takes more time for one tick to happen compared to when the clock is standing still. This means that for someone watching the moving clock, time appears to run slower for the moving clock compared to a clock that's not moving. This idea is called time dilation. It means that time actually passes at different rates depending on how fast something is moving. If you were riding on the skateboard with the clock, you wouldn't notice anything different about the clock's ticks. But someone standing still and watching you would see that your clock ticks more slowly.

Why It Matters ... This thought experiment helps us understand that time isn't the same everywhere and can be different depending on how fast things are moving. This concept is a key part of Einstein's theory of special relativity, which helps scientists understand how the universe works, especially when things are moving very fast, like spaceships or particles in a collider.

<youtube>b2Vd9HGB5XQ</youtube>

= Precision Time Protocol (PTP) =
[https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=Precision+Time+Protocol+PTP+artificial+intelligence+ai YouTube search...]
[https://www.google.com/search?q=Precision+Time+Protocol+PTP+artificial+intelligence+ai ...Google search]

* [https://endruntechnologies.com/pdf/PTP-1588.pdf Precision Time Protocol PTP-1588 | IEEE] ...High precision clock synchronization that computes latency and offset
* [https://engineering.fb.com/2022/11/21/production-engineering/precision-time-protocol-at-meta/ How Precision Time Protocol is being deployed at Meta | Oleg Obleukhov & Ahmad Byagowi - CONNECTIVITY, NETWORKING & TRAFFIC, OPEN SOURCE, PRODUCTION ENGINEERING, UNCATEGORIZED, WEB]
* [https://www.juniper.net/documentation/us/en/software/junos/time-mgmt/topics/topic-map/precion-time-protocol.html#id_bpx_2ch_lrb PTP IEEE 1588v2 | Juniper Networks] ...Time Management Administration Guide

The Precision Time Protocol (PTP) is a protocol used to synchronize clocks throughout a computer network. On a local area network, it achieves clock accuracy in the sub-microsecond range, making it suitable for measurement and control systems.[1] PTP is currently employed to synchronize financial transactions, mobile phone tower transmissions, sub-sea acoustic arrays, and networks that require precise timing but lack access to satellite navigation signals.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precision_Time_Protocol Wikipedia]

Overall, its structure is similar to NTP in that there are different levels within it and GPS satellites can serve as its time source. However, the major difference between Network Time Protocol (NTP) and PTP is that PTP is accurate to microseconds, meaning that it is more exact than NTP

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<youtube>kJcmPg-qIFA</youtube>
Precision Time Protocol (PTP) IEEE-1588
 a basic overview of how the Precision Time Protocol (PTP) is used to synchronize, and set the correct time of day within a network. Potentially Nano Second accuracy can be achieved.
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<youtube>WX5E8x3pYqg</youtube>
How Computers Synchronize Their Clocks - NTP and PTP Explained
 It is important for computers to know the correct time. Everything from online shopping to stock market trades rely on accurate time keeping. But how do computers know what time it is? Here is a quick look at how computers synchronize their clocks including a look at NTP and PTP.
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= Positioning, Navigation and Timing (PNT) =
[https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=Navigation+positioning+Aid+radar+waves+artificial+intelligence+ai YouTube search...]
[https://www.google.com/search?q=Navigation+positioning+Aid+radar+waves+artificial+intelligence+ai ...Google search]

* [[Time]] ... [[Time#Positioning, Navigation and Timing (PNT)|PNT]] ... [[Time#Global Positioning System (GPS)|GPS]] ... [[Causation vs. Correlation#Retrocausality| Retrocausality]] ... [[Quantum#Delayed Choice Quantum Eraser|Delayed Choice Quantum Eraser]] ... [[Quantum]]
* [[Case Studies]]
** [[Smart Cities]]
** [[Transportation (Autonomous Vehicles)]]
** [[Travel & Tourism]]
** [[Robotics]]
** [[Agriculture]]
** [[Government Services]]
** [[Defense]]
* [[Autonomous Drones]]
* [https://www.google.com/maps Google Maps] ... [https://wiki-map.com/map/?locale=en&lat=38.8416&lng=-75.2398 Wiki-Map] ... [https://www.marinetraffic.com/en/ais/home/centerx:-75.1/centery:38.9/zoom:11 Marine Traffic] ... [https://www.marinevesseltraffic.com/DELAWARE-BAY/ship-traffic-tracker Marine Vessel Traffic] ... [https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/36a7f6a6f5a9448496de641cf64bd375 Interactive Map: Russia's Invasion of Ukraine]
* [https://thenextweb.com/artificial-intelligence/2019/03/04/deepmind-teaches-ai-to-follow-navigational-directions-like-humans/ Deepmind teaches AI to follow navigational directions like humans | Tristan Greene]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_navigation History of Navigation | Wikipedia]
** [https://www.amazon.com/Longitude-Genius-Greatest-Scientific-Problem/dp/080271529X/ref=sr_1_1?crid=3KYYCAGJ2JJD6 Longitude: The True Story of a Lone Genius Who Solved the Greatest Scientific Problem of His Time | Dava Sobel][[Amazon]] ...[https://tpplayer-video-featured-snippets.googleusercontent.com/player.html?video=x2z5wg8&start=0&end=70 Video: "Lost at Sea: The Search for Longitude"] [https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/longitude/ Nova companion Web site]
* [https://www.dhs.gov/science-and-technology/pnt-program Department of Homeland Security (DHS) Science and Technology (S&T) Positioning, Navigation, and Timing (PNT) Program]
* [https://www.faa.gov/air_traffic/publications/atpubs/aim_html/chap1_section_1.html Navigation Aids | Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration]
* [https://www.vectornav.com/products/vn-200 VN-300 | Vectornav] ...miniature, high-performance Dual Antenna Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS)-Aided Inertial Navigation System (INS) that combines micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) inertial sensors, two high-sensitivity GNSS receivers, and advanced Kalman filtering algorithms to provide optimal estimates of position, velocity, and orientation.

Navigation is a field of study that focuses on the process of monitoring and controlling the movement of a craft or vehicle from one place to another.[1] The field of navigation includes four general categories: land navigation, marine navigation, aeronautic navigation, and space navigation. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navigation Navigation | Wikipedia]

<youtube>p-9wxYdJing</youtube>

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Navigation Systems
 ERAU SpecialVFR
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<youtube>iuy0FiEW6yE</youtube>
How did Planes Fly Before GPS?
 How did Planes Fly Before GPS?:
The Wright Brothers first took to the skies in 1903 but GPS wasn't publicly available until 1983, so how did planes traverse the world in those 80 years? From celestial navigation to dead reckoning, to the firsts forms of radio telemetry (like adock range stations and LORAN) we'll be discussing them all in this video. Discord: https://discord.gg/DUvyS8n Amazon Affiliate Link*: https://amzn.to/3kNTHhK
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<youtube>nEtOmNrxwoU</youtube>
PNT Requirements Definition – Some Principles with John Pottle
 Royal Institute of Navigation. Presenter: John Pottle, Director of the Royal Institute of Navigation
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<youtube>NN1pc28cpVI</youtube>
Hosted PNT as a Service (PNTaaS)
 NAVSYS Corporation. The threat to GPS drives demand for a back-up position, navigation, and timing (PNT) solution that can operate in the event of denial of service to the GPS satellite signals. The military is dependent on PNT for their warfighting operations, and national critical infrastructure is also reliant on GPS for positioning and timing. In this video, we describe our PNT as a Service (PNTaaS) concept that will leverage capabilities already existing on certain commercial broadband internet satellite constellations to allow their signals to be used for PNT.
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== Global Positioning System (GPS) ==
[https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=GPS+Global+Positioning+GNSS+clock+time+keeping+artificial+intelligence+ai YouTube search...]
[https://www.google.com/search?q=GPS+Global+Positioning+GNSS+clock+time+keeping+artificial+intelligence+ai ...Google search]

* [[Time]] ... [[Time#Positioning, Navigation and Timing (PNT)|PNT]] ... [[Time#Global Positioning System (GPS)|GPS]] ... [[Causation vs. Correlation#Retrocausality| Retrocausality]] ... [[Quantum#Delayed Choice Quantum Eraser|Delayed Choice Quantum Eraser]] ... [[Quantum]]
* [[Astronomy]]
* GPS has been copied by [[Government Services#Russia|Russia's]] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GLONASS GLONASS], Europe’s [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galileo_(satellite_navigation) Galileo], [[Government Services#China|China's]] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BeiDou BeiDou], India’s IRNSS, and Japan’s [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quasi-Zenith_Satellite_System QZSS]
* [https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/5608862 Artificial intelligence in GPS navigation systems | Jeffrey L. Duffany]
* RoadTagger: [https://newatlas.com/technology/gps-system-ai-upgrade/ GPS system upgrade utilizes AI to make sure you're in the right lane | David Nield - New Atlas] ...[https://www.inceptivemind.com/artificial-intelligence-roadtagger-digital-maps-improve-gps-navigation/11525/ Artificial intelligence to update digital maps and improve GPS navigation | Amit Malewar - InceptiveMind]
* [https://www.gps.gov/ GPS.gov] ...[https://www.gps.gov/applications/timing/ Timing]
* [https://insidegnss.com/ Inside GNSS] ...Global Navigation Satellite Systems
* [https://www.space.com/19794-navstar.html Navstar | Space.com] ...is a network of U.S. satellites that provide GPS services
* [https://wtop.com/science/2020/11/spacex-launches-third-generation-gps-navigation-satellite/ SpaceX launches third-generation GPS navigation satellite | CBS News] ...GPS-3 satellite — the fourth in a series of more powerful third-generation navigation stations built by Lockheed Martin — was expected to be deployed about a 90 minutes after liftoff. Assuming tests and checkout go well, it will join a globe-spanning constellation of 31 GPS satellites.
* [https://www.militaryaerospace.com/sensors/article/14187009/navigation-and-guidance-asic-gps Air Force asks three U.S. contractors to develop miniature ASIC technology for next-gen GPS receivers | John Keller - Military & Aerospace Electronics] ...small low-power-consumption GPS enabling technologies to include a next-generation ASIC for secure GPS land navigation.
* [https://spectrum.ieee.org/tech-talk/aerospace/satellites/final-piece-of-chinas-beidou-navigation-satellite-system-comes-online [[Government Services#China|China]] Launches Beidou, Its Own Version of GPS | Andrew Jones - IEEE Spectrum] ...[[Government Services#China|China]] places the final Beidou navigation system satellite into orbit
* [https://eurasiantimes.com/the-indian-navigation-satellite-system-irnss-approved-by-imp-for-global-operations/ Big News For ISRO! Indian Navigation System (IRNSS) Gets Approval By IMP For Global Operations | Smriti Chaudhary - The EurAsuan Times]

GPS receivers that use the L5 band can pinpoint to within 30 centimeters or 11.8 inches. The GPS concept is based on [[time]] and the known position of GPS specialized satellites. The satellites carry very stable atomic clocks that are synchronized with one another and with the ground clocks. Any drift from time maintained on the ground is corrected daily. In the same manner, the satellite locations are known with great precision. GPS receivers have clocks as well, but they are less stable and less precise. Each GPS satellite continuously transmits a radio signal containing the current time and data about its position. Since the speed of radio waves is constant and independent of the satellite speed, the time delay between when the satellite transmits a signal and the receiver receives it is proportional to the distance from the satellite to the receiver. A GPS receiver monitors multiple satellites and solves equations to determine the precise position of the receiver and its deviation from true time. At a minimum, four satellites must be in view of the receiver for it to compute four unknown quantities (three position coordinates and clock deviation from satellite time). [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Positioning_System Global Positioning System | Wikipedia]

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<youtube>ozAPGnr-934</youtube>
Why The US Military Made GPS Free-To-Use
 Create a free account on SimScale here: https://goo.gl/qByVRB Find all recordings of the Drone Design Workshop here: https://goo.gl/hSh5nA Listen to our new podcast at:
Showmakers YouTube channel at: https://goo.gl/Ks1WMp
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<youtube>aDWbpRXblMk</youtube>
Satellite Navigation Systems Overview with John Pottle
 Royal Institute of Navigation. John Pottle, Director of the Royal Institute of Navigation, will put into [[context]] what the hundreds of navigation satellites in space are all for and how they work together. This webinar will explain the similarities and differences between global and regional satellite navigation systems, how they are co-ordinated, and by whom. The space-based augmentation systems will also be covered: what are these and how do they help? *During the webinar Q&A there was a question about whether or not GNSS could be used for moon missions - please see: Website: https://rin.org.uk/
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<youtube>8eTlI19_57g</youtube>
GPS, How does it work? | ICT #12
 GPS has already become an integral part of our lives, and you can see a few useful applications from these examples. GPS is really an interesting technology. It uses a system of 24 satellites continuously orbiting the earth, and requires at least four satellites to track your location; it uses an atomic clock, and the time error of your mobile phone is also a matter of great concern. Moreover, Albert Einstein’s theory of relativity plays an important role in GPS technology, finally, a real-life application for the theory of relativity! Let’s put aside all these complications and understand the technology of GPS in a step by step and logical manner. Be a Learn Engineering supporter or contributor: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCqZQ...
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<youtube>ySr4eepUVqI</youtube>
MIT's AI System helps to improve GPS navigation in places with limited map data | RoadTagger
 Rajamanickam Antonimuthu An AI model developed at MIT and Qatar Computing Research Institute uses only satellite imagery to automatically tag road features in digital maps. This innovation could improve GPS navigation, especially in countries with limited map data.
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<youtube>-g3sW40o4TU</youtube>
GPS vs AI: The Challenges of Losing Satellite Signal | Roborace
 How do trees affect satellite and GPS acquisition during a Roborace test run? #Education #Roborace #AutonomousVehicles Trees have a detrimental effect on the GPS and Satellite system for the DevBot 2.0, as it is one of the most important factors for autonomous racing. Roborace is the world’s first competition for human + machine teams, using both self-driving and manually-controlled cars. Race formats will feature new forms of immersive entertainment to engage the next generation of racing fans. Through sport, innovations in machine-driven technologies will be accelerated. Roborace will redefine the way you think about autonomous technology. To be a part of our autonomous journey, subscribe to our channel: https://goo.gl/TNbPAB
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<youtube>0k2QdX6yZiw</youtube>
Brian Cox Just Announced Mind-Bending Theory Of Time
 Everything in our universe seems perfect. There are laws governing the entire universe, but certain mysteries have remained unsolved despite decades of research. Why does time travel in one direction? What is the nature of reality? Why does Gravity exist? Why does time slow down when we travel at the speed of light? These are questions that have fascinated us for millennia.
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<youtube>GrKtsafA2UU</youtube>
A9G GPS & GPRS Module Tutorial | Ai-Thinker | AT Commands
 PCBWAY: https://www.pcbway.com/ Wanna help us out? [https://github.com/akarsh98/A9G-Supporting-material GitHub] Consider donating any amount: https://www.paypal.me/akarsh98 CETech@FB: https://www.facebook.com/CETech4u/ Our email: akarshagarwal98@gmail.com Track: Raiko - Revenger [NCS Release] Music provided by NoCopyrightSounds. Watch: https://youtu.be/Vj_V0RfdTSY Free Download / Stream: https://ncs.io/Revenger [[Meta|Facebook]]
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<youtube>8eOEhphQz6k</youtube>
Using AI to get city and weather from GPS
 A quick demo of how Noodl AI and the Function Co-pilot node can be used to call different API's from a simple text prompts to gather location and weather data from location coordinates.
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=== Deep-Space Positioning System (DPS) ===
[https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=outer+space+Positioning+Navigation+Timing+PNT+GPS+artificial+intelligence+ai YouTube search...]
[https://www.google.com/search?q=outer+space+Positioning+Navigation+Timing+PNT+GPS+artificial+intelligence+ai ...Google search]

* [https://futurism.com/the-byte/planetary-navigation-nasa-space-gps NASA is Making An AI-Based GPS For Space | Kristin Houser]
* [https://frontierdevelopmentlab.org/#!/ Frontier Development Lab (FDL)] ...Artificial Intelligence Research for Space Science, Exploration & All Humankind

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<youtube>nMZowFNNPFo</youtube>
Space Is Hard | There Is No GPS in Space
 There is no mapping app for deep space, at least not yet. If we're going to explore there we'll need new navigation tools. Here's how NASA is going to keep its rockets on target. Still haven’t subscribed to WIRED on YouTube? https://wrd.cm/15fP7B7 CONNECT WITH WIRED Web: https://wired.com
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== Jamming and Spoofing ==
[https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=Jamming+Spoofing+Positioning+Navigation+Timing+PNT+GPS+GNSS+GB-GRAM+INS+CSAC+artificial+intelligence+ai YouTube search...]
[https://www.google.com/search?q=Jamming+Spoofing+Positioning+Navigation+Timing+PNT+GPS+GNSS+GB-GRAM+INS+CSAC+artificial+intelligence+ai ...Google search]

* [https://RNTFnd.org/ The Resilient Navigation and Timing Foundation]
** [https://rntfnd.org/wp-content/uploads/Multi-LayerFinal.jpg Multi‐level resiliency model]
** [https://rntfnd.org/2020/11/27/china-research-paper-on-differential-eloran-sensors-journal/ China Research Paper on Differential eLoran – Sensors Journal]
** [https://rntfnd.org/wp-content/uploads/Resilient-National-Timing-Architecture-16-Oct-2020.pdf A Resilient National Timing Architecture – 16 October 2020]
** [https://rntfnd.org/2020/12/05/gps-jamming-spoofing-2020-year-in-review-spirents-guy-buesnel/ GPS Jamming & Spoofing, 2020 Year in Review – Spirent’s Guy Buesnel]
** [https://rntfnd.org/2021/06/05/the-russia-trap-single-points-of-failure-gps/ “The Russia Trap” – Single Points of Failure & GPS | Blog Editor / George Beebe]
* [https://www.dhs.gov/publication/st-resilient-pnt-conformance-framework Department of Homeland Security (DHS) Science and Technology (S&T) Resilient Positioning, Navigation, and Timing (PNT) Conformance Framework]
* [https://www.forbes.com/sites/steveforbes/2020/11/13/the-space-force-a-conversation-with-united-states-secretary-of-the-air-force-barbara-barrett/?sh=61d1c90a41fa The Space Force: A Conversation With United States Secretary Of The Air Force Barbara Barrett | Steve Forbes - Forbes] ... We are vulnerable. For example, the U.S. and the global economy are totally dependent on satellites, most especially the GPS, which is operated by the Space Force.

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2019-06-19_The History of GPS Spoofing
 Incose Chesapeake Mr Dana Goward discussed the [[development]] of Global Positioning System (GPS) spoofing from a fiction account in film to being an everyday problem.
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<youtube>r4UdHE3JNnU</youtube>
How to fool a GPS - Todd Humphreys
 TED-Ed Todd Humphreys forecasts the near-future of geolocation when millimeter-accurate GPS "dots" will enable you to find pin-point locations, index-search your physical possessions ... or to track people without their knowledge. And the response to the sinister side of this technology may have unintended consequences of its own. (Filmed at TEDxAustin.) Talk by Todd Humphreys.
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<youtube>f-tVx5DuoLs</youtube>
Orolia Presents: GPS World Webinar – Resilient PNT for a 5G World
 Panelists will discuss key factors for the successful implementation of 5G technology for 5G infrastructures, automotive, and mission critical applications:
- Testing requirements needed to ensure consistent operations
- Resilient Positioning, Navigation and Timing (PNT) technologies that can help ensure accurate, continuous operations for critical applications during interference or signal loss.
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<youtube>T6YS7gMJCUc</youtube>
Which is the bigger problem? Risk assessment for PNT with Dana Goward
 This webinar is part of the Resilient Positioning Navigation and Timing Seminar Series. Find out more about this series at: https://rin.org.uk/events/EventDetail... Presenter: Dana Goward, President & Director, Resilient Navigation and Timing Foundation
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=== Assured-Positioning, Navigation and Timing (A-PNT) ===
[https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=Assured+Positioning+Navigation+Timing+PNT+GPS+GNSS+GB-GRAM+INS+CSAC+artificial+intelligence+ai YouTube search...]
[https://www.google.com/search?q=Assured+Positioning+Navigation+Timing+PNT+GPS+GNSS+GB-GRAM+INS+CSAC+artificial+intelligence+ai ...Google search]

* [[Cybersecurity]]
* [https://www.esd.whs.mil/Portals/54/Documents/DD/issuances/dodi/465008p.pdf DOD INSTRUCTION 4650.08 Positioning, Navigation and Timing Warfare]
** [https://www.gao.gov/products/gao-21-320sp DOD is Developing Positioning, Navigation, and Timing Technologies to Complement GPS | GAO] DOD is pursuing approaches, such as creating common standards and interfaces, to aid in integrating and fielding new PNT technologies faster and at lower cost. DOD is developing its PNT modeling and simulation capabilities to evaluate the performance of new PNT technologies.
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NCOcliI-nkM Tactical Radio (TR) A-PNT Overview | COL Daniel F. Kuntz, USA - TRADOC Capabilities Manager Tactical Radios (TCM TR) - U.S. Army Cyber Center of Excellence & Fort Gordon]
* [https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA494614.pdf National Positioning, Navigation, and Timing Architecture | Lt Col Patrick Huested, USAF National Security Space Office and Paul D. Popejoy The Aerospace Corporation]
* [https://rntfnd.org/wp-content/uploads/Resilient-National-Timing-Architecture-16-Oct-2020.pdf A Resilient National Timing Architecture: Securing Today's, Enabling Tomorrow's | Dr. Marc Weiss, Dr. Patrick Diamond, and Mr. Dana A. Goward]

* [https://www.curtisswrightds.com/technologies/open-architecture/assured-position-navigation-timing.html A-PNT: Assured Position, Navigation and Timing | Curtiss-Wright]
* [https://www.express.co.uk/news/science/1358337/china-vs-us-beijing-wipe-out-gps-space-conflict-moon-mars-satellite-taiwan-joe-biden-spt China tipped to 'wipe out' GPS with 'dire consequences' after conflict catalyst exposed | Callum Hoare - The Daily Express] ...[[Government Services#China|China]] could bring the world to its knees by "wiping out" GPS, a key system used by the US military and its NATO allies, an expert on space policy has told Express.co.uk [https://www.marinelink.com/news/gps-unreliability-483109 GPS Unreliability | Dennis L. Bryant - MarineLink]

Like the GPS units in many automobiles today, a simple receiver and some processing power is all that is needed for accurate navigation. But, what if the GPS satellites suddenly became unavailable due to malfunction, enemy action or simple interference, such as driving into a tunnel? Unavailability of GPS would be inconvenient for drivers on the road, but could be disastrous for military missions. [https://www.darpa.mil/news-events/2013-04-10 Extreme Miniaturization: Seven Devices, One Chip to Navigate without GPS | ] [[Defense#US Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA)|US Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA)]]

<img src="https://rntfnd.org/wp-content/uploads/National-PNT-Architecture.jpg" width="1000">

[https://cms7.dot.gov/pnt/national-positioning-navigation-and-timing-pnt-architecture National Positioning, Navigation, and Timing (PNT) Architecture | U.S. Department of Transportation]

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System Performance and Resilience or: What could possibly go wrong? with Prof Marek Ziebart
 Royal Institute of Navigation. Presenter: Prof Marek Ziebart, Director, Space Geodesy and Navigation Group, University College London Website: https://rin.org.uk/
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<youtube>qLcHe18rtvI</youtube>
GPS/GNSS Spoofing and How To Detect It
 GPSPATRON GNSS Interference Issues What is GNSS Spoofing? Spoofing Detection Solution In this video, we describe GNSS spoofing/jamming and how to detect it.
GPSPATRON is facilitated to protect GNSS-dependent infrastructure against spoofing/jamming or other GNSS signals anomalies that cause time/position accuracy degradation
More about GNSS spoofing detection: https://gpspatron.com/detecting-gnss-... Links: https://rntfnd.org/2018/04/24/5-gps-s... https://www.c4reports.org/aboveusonly...
https://www.gpsworld.com/ https://insidegnss.com/ https://www.gps.gov/
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<youtube>5T6v1HK-a6s</youtube>
When GNSS fails, what will you do? - MarRINav!
 Royal Institute of Navigation. This webinar, called 'When GNSS fails, what will you do? - MarRINav! ' features presentations and comments form Jonathan Turner (NLA Int.), Dr Alan Grant (GLA), and Dana Goward (RNTF). The webinar provides analysis and insights from Phase 1 of the Maritime Resilience and Integrity of Navigation (MarRINav) project. To download the full transcript of Jonathan's presentation please follow this link: https://rin.org.uk/resource/resmgr/fi... Many thanks to all co-sponsors of this webinar: Resilient Navigation and Timing Foundation, Institute of Navigation, GPS World, The Maritime Executive, and of course the MarRINav project. Website: https://rin.org.uk/
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<youtube>B6RLdr-zSfw</youtube>
The Coming Revolution in MEMS Gyroscopes and MEMS Inertial Sensors
 Wireless Integrated MicroSensing & Systems - WIMS2 Relevant for automotive robotic drone wearable applications.
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<youtube>WDATFeVTUHs</youtube>
Enabling the Next Generation of GPS Technology with Supercorrelation with Dr Ramsey Faragher
 Royal Institute of Navigation. Focal Point Positioning have developed a new method for processing GNSS radio signals called Supercorrelation which dramatically improves the performance of the earliest stage of radio processing. The software update removes multipath interference at the correlator level, and provides the ability to determine signal arrival angle without adding any new hardware to a standard GNSS device. In this webinar Dr Ramsey Faragher, Founder/CEO of FocalPoint will explain how the technology works, will cover some of the challenges that FocalPoint have overcome in deploying it on very low cost platforms, and will show off the new capabilities that it unlocks. Website: https://rin.org.uk/
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<youtube>STyLD01kZ5g</youtube>
AgilLOC Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) Anti-Jamming and Spoofing Capability
 AgilLOC Antenna Element Compact (AEC) & Resilient Time Source (RTS) provide assured access to Position, Navigation and Timing (PNT) information for mission-critical systems. AEC provides GNSS anti-jam capability under denied environment through adaptive nulling of interference sources. RTS provides add-on GNSS anti-spoof capability and timing resiliency to ensure the integrity of the GNSS.
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<youtube>k2XQQuQrWbw</youtube>
GRCon20 - Software defined radio based Global Navigation Satellite System real time spoofing....
 Software defined radio based Global Navigation Satellite System real time spoofing detection and cancellation Presented by Jean-Michel Friedt,, D. Rabus and G. Goavec-Merou at GNU Radio Conference 2020 https://gnuradio.org/grcon20 Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) -- most significantly the Global Positioning System (GPS) -- have become ubiquitous to most daily activities, from positioning and navigation to long range time synchronization or distributed energy production ("smart grid"). While initially developed as a military system hardly accessible to civilians, the advent of Software Defined Radio jamming and spoofing capabilities emphasize the low security of GNSS weak signals emitted from satellites orbiting the Earth 20000 km away. While a properly spoofing signal cannot be detected after a consumer-grade receiver has decoded the radiofrequency signal, addressing at the radiofrequency wave level the signal integrity provides the solution of identifying spoofing with all satellites appearing at the same direction of arrival. This classical beamforming analysis -- Controlled Reception Pattern Antenna (CRPA) with multiple antenna reception and phase analysis -- is demonstrated using commercial, off the shelf software defined radio platform receivers (Ettus Research B210) running the real-time GNSS decoder gnss-sdr based on GNU Radio running on embedded boards such as the Raspberry Pi4.
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<youtube>JKY03NV3C2s</youtube>
PULP-DroNet -- Autonomous Artificial Intelligence-powered Nano-Drone
 PULP-DroNet is a [[Deep Learning]]-powered visual navigation engine that enables autonomous navigation of a pocket-size quadrotor in a previously unseen environment.
Thanks to PULP-DroNet the nano-drone can explore the environment, avoiding collisions also with dynamic obstacles, in complete autonomy -- no human operator, no ad-hoc external signals, and no remote laptop! This means that all the complex computations are done directly aboard the vehicle and very fast. The visual navigation engine is composed of both a software and a hardware part. The former is based on the previous DroNet [1] project developed by the RPG [2] from the University of Zürich (UZH). DroNet is a shallow convolutional neural network (CNN) which has been used to control a standard-size quadrotor in a set of environments via remote computation. The hardware soul of PULP-DroNet is embodied by the PULP-Shield an ultra-low power visual navigation module featuring a Parallel Ultra-Low-Power (PULP) GAP8 System-on-Chip (SoC) from GreenWaves Technologies [3], an ultra-low power camera, and off-chip Flash/DRAM [[memory]]; the shield is designed as a pluggable PCB for the Crazyflie 2.0 [4] nano-drone. Then, we developed a general methodology for deploying state-of-the-art [[Deep Learning]] algorithms on top of ultra-low power embedded computation nodes, like a miniaturized drone. Our novel methodology allowed us first to deploy DroNet on the PULP-Shield, and then demonstrating how it enables the execution the CNN on board the CrazyFlie 2.0 within only 64-284mW and with a throughput of 6-18 frame-per-second! Finally, we field-prove our methodology presenting a closed-loop fully working demonstration of vision-driven autonomous navigation relying only on onboard resources, and within an ultra-low power budget. We release here, as open source, all our code, hardware designs, datasets, and trained networks. Reference: D. Palossi, F. Conti, and L. Benini An Open Source and Open Hardware [[Deep Learning]]-powered Visual Navigation Engine for Autonomous Nano-UAVs Preprint: https://arxiv.org/abs/1905.04166 PULP-Platform Project Webpage: https://www.pulp-platform.org/
|}
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<youtube>vFU82-krqgs</youtube>
GPS Spoofing and Jamming: Learn how to protect against threats to GNSS systems
 Steatite
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{| class="wikitable" style="width: 550px;"
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<youtube>AOlZMw_secI</youtube>
Securing Positioning & Timing 7: Improving Performance by Augmenting GPS/GNSS
 Royal Institute of Navigation. The seventh, and final, of a series of webinars from the Securing Positioning & Timing short course. This webinar covers Improving Performance by Augmenting GPS/GNSS. Presented by Prof Terry Moore. Supported by the UK Space Agency. Website: https://rin.org.uk/
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<youtube>BY-FYs4rxek</youtube>
Assess performance & reduce risks across a multisensor, multi-system integration with Peter Rylands
 Royal Institute of Navigation. Presenter: Peter Rylands, Product Manager, Oxford Technical Solutions Ltd
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{| class="wikitable" style="width: 550px;"
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<youtube>vDnL_Ij3jes</youtube>
Resilient PNT for Unmanned Systems
 Orolia. Demand for unmanned systems is growing exponentially across defense and civil/commercial organizations, for applications ranging from military missions and intelligence surveillance to border security and precision agriculture.

Resilient Positioning, Navigation and Timing (PNT) data and GPS/GNSS signals are critical for unmanned systems in order to successfully pilot and control aircraft, vehicle and vessel onboard systems.
|}
|}

<youtube>tz23G_UXCGA</youtube>

=== Geolocation: Locating GPS/GNSS Jamming and Spoofing ===
[https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=Assured+Positioning+Navigation+Timing+PNT+GPS+GNSS+GB-GRAM+INS+CSAC+artificial+intelligence+ai YouTube search...]
[https://www.google.com/search?q=Assured+Positioning+Navigation+Timing+PNT+GPS+GNSS+GB-GRAM+INS+CSAC+artificial+intelligence+ai ...Google search]

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<youtube>lKnavLpgISc</youtube>
Securing Positioning & Timing 3: Detecting and Characterising GPS/GNSS Jamming & Spoofing
 Royal Institute of Navigation. The third of a series of webinars from the Securing Positioning & Timing short course. This webinar covers Detecting and Characterising GPS/GNSS Jamming & Spoofing. Presented by Dr Mark Dumville. Supported by the UK Space Agency. Website: https://rin.org.uk/
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<youtube>nQR8F4Hia2o</youtube>
Securing Positioning & Timing 4: Locating GPS/GNSS Jamming and Spoofing
 Royal Institute of Navigation. The fourth of a series of webinars from the Securing Positioning & Timing short course. This webinar covers Locating GPS/GNSS Jamming and Spoofing. Presented by Mike Jones. Supported by the UK Space Agency. Website: https://rin.org.uk/
|}
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<youtube>G_i5nV1VHEM</youtube>
GNSS Jamming - Crowd Sourcing Detection and Geolocation
 GNSS Jamming - Crowd Sourcing Detection and Geolocation webinar by InsideGNSS
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{| class="wikitable" style="width: 550px;"
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<youtube>XMpBxrNaV84</youtube>
Harris Corporation - Detect and Locate GPS Jamming with Signal Sentry™ 1000
 Harris Corporation The Global Positioning System—GPS—is an essential element of the global information infrastructure. GPS jamming devices are becoming cheaper and more accessible, creating a greater need to protect from a diverse range of threats. Harris Signal Sentry 1000 is a GPS interference detection and geolocation solution. It provides a web-based visualization tool to support timely and effective actionable intelligence.
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<youtube>i6-tNzUIo0E</youtube>
Why isn’t my GPS receiver consistently more accurate? with John Pottle
 Royal Institute of Navigation. Presenter: John Pottle, Director of the RIN Website: https://rin.org.uk/
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<youtube>v-hDEJEsBso</youtube>
Current threats to GNSS: An update of incidents and impacts with Guy Buesnel
 Royal Institute of Navigation. Presenter: Guy Buesnel, PNT Security Technologist Spirent Communications plc. Website: https://rin.org.uk/
|}
|}

== Software-defined Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) ==
[https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=Software+defined+Global+Navigation+Satellite+System+GNSS+artificial+intelligence+ai YouTube search...]
[https://www.google.com/search?q=Software+defined+Global+Navigation+Satellite+System+GNSS+artificial+intelligence+ai ...Google search]

* [[Telecommunications#Cognitive Radio (CR) / Software-defined radio (SDR)|Cognitive Radio (CR) / Software-defined radio (SDR)]]

{|
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<youtube>4uHdu-iGsgI</youtube>
Dr. Carles Fernandez: An Open Source Global Navigation Satellite Systems Software-Defined Receiver
 Software Defined Radio Academy GNSS-SDR (see https://gnss-sdr.org) is an open source, software-defined Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) receiver. This software application takes care of all the digital signal processing chain (from the output of the Analog-to-Digital Converter of a radio-frequency front-end, or from raw sam- ples stored in a file), performing signal acquisition and tracking of the available satellite signals, decoding the navigation message and computing the observables needed by positioning algorithms, which ultimately compute the navigation solution. Several outputs are provided in standard formats, including RINEX observation and navigation files, RTCM-104 v3.2 message streaming via TCP/IP and NMEA-0183, as well as KML, GeoJSON, and GPX files for Geographic Information Systems, map representation and Earth browsers. Currently, the software is able to process GLONASS L1 C/A, GPS L1 C/A, Galileo E1b/c, BeiDou B1I, BeiDou B3I, GLONASS L2 C/A, GPS L2C, GPS L5 and Galileo E5a signals, in all possible combinations, including multi-constellation and multi-frequency configurations. The software leverages on the GNU Radio framework, inheriting multithreading scheduling and a modular, scalable architecture. The software is designed to facilitate the inclusion of new signal processing techniques, offering an easy way to measure their impact in the overall receiver performance under fair conditions, as well as the expansion to other signals.
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<youtube>k2XQQuQrWbw</youtube>
GRCon20 - Software defined radio based Global Navigation Satellite System real time spoofing....
 Software defined radio based Global Navigation Satellite System real time spoofing detection and cancellation Presented by Jean-Michel Friedt,, D. Rabus and G. Goavec-Merou at GNU Radio Conference 2020 https://gnuradio.org/grcon20 Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) -- most significantly the Global Positioning System (GPS) -- have become ubiquitous to most daily activities, from positioning and navigation to long range time synchronization or distributed energy production ("smart grid"). While initially developed as a military system hardly accessible to civilians, the advent of Software Defined Radio jamming and spoofing capabilities emphasize the low security of GNSS weak signals emitted from satellites orbiting the Earth 20000 km away. While a properly spoofing signal cannot be detected after a consumer-grade receiver has decoded the radiofrequency signal, addressing at the radiofrequency wave level the signal integrity provides the solution of identifying spoofing with all satellites appearing at the same direction of arrival. This classical beamforming analysis -- Controlled Reception Pattern Antenna (CRPA) with multiple antenna reception and phase analysis -- is demonstrated using commercial, off the shelf software defined radio platform receivers (Ettus Research B210) running the real-time GNSS decoder gnss-sdr based on GNU Radio running on embedded boards such as the Raspberry Pi4.
|}
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== Long Range Navigation (LORAN) ==
[https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=Long+Range+Navigation+Loran+artificial+intelligence+ai YouTube search...]
[https://www.google.com/search?q=Long+Range+Navigation+Loran+artificial+intelligence+ai ...Google search]

* [https://www.intelligent-aerospace.com/home/article/14181475/eloran-loran-c-gps-gnss Public-private partnership to launch enhanced LOng RAnge Navigation (eLORAN) technology to back-up and accompany GPS | Jamie Whitney - Intelligent Aerospace]

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||
<youtube>c9JZ24FRSiI</youtube>
BBC Click no GPS radio eLoran instead. Filmed at the Port of Felixstowe
 BBC Click report at the Port of Felixstowe demonstrating the loss of GPS and using eLoran as an alternative
|}
|}

== [[Quantum]] Sensors in Navigation ==
[https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=Quantum+Sensors+Navigation+artificial+intelligence+ai YouTube search...]
[https://www.google.com/search?q=Quantum+Sensors+Navigation+artificial+intelligence+ai ...Google search]

* [[Quantum]]
* [https://www.ukri.org/ UK Research and Innovation]
* [https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1755-1315/237/3/032027/pdf Review of [[Quantum]] Navigation | Donghui Feng - IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science]
* [https://idstch.com/technology/quantum/quantum-sensing-technology-growing-rapidly-to-enable-ultra-sensitive-quantum-radars-imaging-and-navigation/ [[Quantum]] Sensing Technology Growing Rapidly to Enable Ultra Sensitive Quantum RADARS, Imaging, and Navigation | Rajesh Uppal - International Defence Security & Technology]

Typically, the performance of measurement devices is limited by deleterious effects such as thermal noise and vibration. Notable exceptions are atomic clocks, which operate very near their fundamental limits. Driving devices to their physical limits will open new application spaces critical to future DoD systems. Indeed, many defense-critical applications already require exceptionally precise time and frequency standards enabled only by atomic clocks. The Global Positioning System (GPS) and the internet are two key examples. Measurement systems based on atomic physics benefit from the exquisite properties of the atom. Among these are (a) precise frequency transitions, (b) the ability to initialize, control, and readout the atomic state and (c) environmental isolation. In addition, atomic properties are absolute, and do not “drift” over time. In this sense, atoms are self-calibrated, making them ideal for precision sensing. [https://www.darpa.mil/program/quantum-assisted-sensing-and-readout Quantum-Assisted Sensing and Readout (QuASAR) | ] [[Defense#US Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA)|US Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA)]]

{|
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<youtube>eP-_vEloIRc</youtube>
Quantum Sensors in Navigation with Roger McKinlay, George Shaw and Kai Bongs
 Royal Institute of Navigation Co-hosted by the UK Quantum Technology Hub Sensors and Timing and the Royal Institute of Navigation Presenters: Professor Kai Bongs, Principal Investigator at the UK Quantum Technology Hub Sensors and Timing; Roger McKinlay, Challenge Director for Quantum Technologies, UK Research and Innovation; George Shaw, Principal Systems Engineer, General Lighthouse Authority In this trio of presentations Roger, George and Kai discuss quantum sensors in navigation... Roger covers systems considerations in PNT and vulnerabilities in GNSS, UK industry opportunities and IUK programmes George covers current maritime navigation challenges, the resilient PNT system-of-systems approach and opportunity for Quantum Sensor technology insertion Kai covers quantum Sensor [[development]]s towards navigation solutions Website: https://rin.org.uk/
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<youtube>ka5oyPfPW14</youtube>
Nanoscale Quantum Sensing - Prof. Jorg Wrachtrup
 Bar-Ilan University Nanoscale Quantum Sensing - a lecture by Prof. Jorg Wrachtrup of the Institute for Quantum Science and Technology in Germany. This lecture was given during the conference QUEST - Quantum Entanglement Science & Technology, held by Bar-Ilan University's Physics Department in June 2017.
|}
|}

== Spacetime ==
[https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=Spacetime YouTube search...]
[https://www.google.com/search?q=Spacetime ...Google search]
* [[Life~Meaning]] ... [[Consciousness]] ... [[Loop#Feedback Loop - Creating Consciousness|Creating Consciousness]] ... [[Quantum#Quantum Biology|Quantum Biology]] ... [[Orch-OR]] ... [[TAME]] ... [[Protein Folding & Discovery|Proteins]]

'''Spacetime''' is a [[mathematical model]] that fuses the three dimensions of [[space]] (length, width, height) and the single dimension of [[time]] into a single four-dimensional continuum.

Before the 20th century, scientists viewed space and time as completely separate entities. Space was a static stage where events occurred, and time was a constant, universal clock. [[Albert Einstein]] and mathematician [[Hermann Minkowski]] revolutionized this view by proving they are inextricably linked.

=== Spacetime Core Concept: The Fabric of the Universe ===
In physics, every occurrence is an "event" located at a specific point in spacetime, described by four coordinates:
:<math>(x, y, z, t)</math>

Imagine meeting a friend. To ensure you meet, you must provide a specific location (spatial coordinates) and a specific time (temporal coordinate). If you omit the time, the meeting cannot happen.

=== General Relativity: Gravity as Curvature ===
The most famous application of spacetime is in Einstein’s [[General theory of relativity|General Theory of Relativity]].

* '''Newton's View:''' Gravity is an invisible force that pulls objects together.
* '''Einstein's View:''' Gravity is not a force; it is the '''curvature of spacetime'''.

Massive objects (like the [[Earth]] or [[Sun]]) warp the fabric of spacetime around them. Smaller objects (like the Moon or a satellite) do not "feel" a force pulling them; they are simply following the straightest possible path (a [[geodesic]]) along this curved surface.

=== Visualizing Spacetime: The Light Cone ===
Physicists often use '''Minkowski diagrams''' to visualize spacetime. In these graphs, time is usually plotted on the vertical axis and space on the horizontal axis.

* '''World Line:''' A line representing an object's path through time. Even if an object is stationary in space, it moves through time, creating a straight vertical world line.
* '''Light Cone:''' Since nothing can travel faster than [[Speed of light|light]], light spreading out from a single event forms a "cone" shape in the diagram. Events inside this cone can affect one another (causality); events outside are effectively disconnected.

=== Key Implications ===
* '''[[Time dilation]]:''' Because space and time are linked, moving through space affects movement through time. The faster an object travels through space, the slower it moves through time relative to a stationary observer.
* '''No Universal "Now":''' There is no single clock for the universe. Two observers moving at different speeds or in different gravitational fields will disagree on when an event happened ([[Relativity of simultaneity]]).

=== Comparison Table ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Concept
! Classical View (Newton)
! Spacetime View (Einstein)
|-
| '''Space'''
| A static, rigid stage.
| A flexible fabric that can bend and twist.
|-
| '''Time'''
| Universal and constant for everyone.
| Relative; flows at different rates for different observers.
|-
| '''Gravity'''
| A force acting at a distance.
| The curvature of the geometry of spacetime.
|}

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<youtube>YpyXVkqkQgg</youtube>
Time Does Not Exist. Let me explain with a graph.
 How do we really move through spacetime? Sadly the books have sold out.
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<youtube>3khY_bwf5FY</youtube>
What Exactly is Spacetime? Explained in Ridiculously Simple Words
 Spacetime, as a concept, is related to a space that consists of 4 dimensions instead of the regular 3-dimensional space. As early as 1905, Einstein proposed a now widely popular theory that the speed of light is independent of the motion of all observers, and that space and time are interconnected in a single continuum. This theory, which is now a cornerstone of modern and quantum physics, is known as Einstein’s special theory of relativity. Einstein's proposed idea of a single continuum where space and time are interwoven is what people call “space-time”.
According to this theory, time—which has traditionally been considered an independent entity according to the principles of classical physics—is affected when a body moves through space. This happens because, according to the theory, time and space are connected and part of a single continuum—spacetime.
In this video, we discuss spacetime in absolutely simple words: what exactly is spacetime and how is it related to the force of gravitation and Einstein’s theory of relativity?
|}
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<youtube>GZcXNBYcfe4</youtube>
This Is Why Time Might Not Actually Exist
 Quantum Entanglement May Reveal a Reality We Can't Handle
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<youtube>yPVQtvbiS4Y</youtube>
What Actually Are Space And Time?
 If you like this video, check out writer Geraint Lewis´ excellent book, co-written with Chris Ferrie:
[https://www.amazon.com/Where-Universe-Other-Cosmic-Questions/dp/1728238811 Where Did the Universe Come From? And Other Cosmic Questions: Our Universe, from the Quantum to the Cosmos] AND check out his [https://www.youtube.com/c/AlasLewisAndBarnes Youtube channel]
|}
|}

== Longitude ==
[https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=Longitude YouTube search...]
[https://www.google.com/search?q=Longitude ...Google search]

* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longitude_(book) Longitude: The True Story of a Lone Genius Who Solved the Greatest Scientific Problem of His Time | Wikipedia]

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<youtube>LHvt48S9l4w</youtube>
Longitude
 Dava Sobel's book is a captivating story, such a good film with an impressive cast. What a genius Mr Harrison was. Such determination. A lesson to us all..
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<youtube>T-g27KS0yiY</youtube>
The Clock That Changed the World (BBC History of the World)
 
SciShow It’s time for another leap second! Join SciShow as we celebrate by exploring the long and strange history of timekeeping. Hosted by: Michael Aranda Dooblydoo thanks go to the following Patreon supporters -- we couldn't make SciShow without them! Shout out to Justin Ove, Justin Lentz, David Campos, John Szymakowski, Peso255, Jeremy Peng, Avi Yaschin, and Fatima Iqbal. Like SciShow? Want to help support us, and also get things to put on your walls, cover your torso and hold your liquids? Check out our awesome products over at DFTBA Records: https://dftba.com/scishow Or help support us by becoming our patron on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/scishow
|}
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== Natural Navigation ==
[https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=Animal+Navigation+Incredible+Bees+Journeys+intelligence YouTube search...]
[https://www.google.com/search?q=Animal+Navigation+Incredible+Bees+Journeys+intelligence ...Google search]

* [[Life~Meaning]] ... [[Consciousness]] ... [[Loop#Feedback Loop - Creating Consciousness|Creating Consciousness]] ... [[Quantum#Quantum Biology|Quantum Biology]] ... [[Orch-OR]] ... [[TAME]] ... [[Protein Folding & Discovery|Proteins]]
* [[Collective Animal Intelligence]] ... [[Animal Ecology]] ... [[Animal Language]] ... [[Bird Identification]]
* [https://www.amazon.com/Incredible-Journeys-Exploring-Wonders-Navigation/dp/1473656826 Incredible Journeys: Exploring the Wonders of Animal Navigation Hardcover | David Barrie]

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<youtube>iZ52kShxeYA</youtube>
Henrik Mouritsen on How do migratory birds find their way?
 Prof. Henrik Mouritsen (University of Oldenburg, Germany) on "How do migratory birds find their way?", at the FENS Hertie Winter School 2017 on Neural Control of Behaviour - Series 1: Navigation, 10-16 December 2017, Obergurgl, Austria.
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<youtube>kzgPH0ivMoo</youtube>
Animal Navigation || Radcliffe Institute
 Lizabeth Cohen 00:16 Dean, Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study Howard Mumford Jones Professor of American Studies Department of History Harvard University John Huth 7:32 Donner Professor of Science
Codirector of the Science Program Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study Harvard University ANIMAL NAVIGATION 16:50 Susanne Åkesson 19:53 Professor and Principal Investigator Centre for Animal Movement Research, Lund University (Sweden) Introduced by Scott Edwards 17:51 Professor of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology Curator of Ornithology Alexander Agassiz Professor of Zoology in the Museum of Comparative Zoology Harvard University
|}
|}

== Molecular Clock ==
Scientists use the ''molecular clock'', which assumes steady genetic changes, to estimate species divergence times, but recent models like the ''Covariant Evolutionary Tempo (CET)'' by Budd & Mann suggest evolution isn't always steady, predicting rapid bursts in major groups (like mammals or birds) early on, explaining mismatches with fossil records by showing faster initial evolution and diversification, thus refining our understanding of how large animal groups rapidly emerge.

''' How the Molecular Clock Works '''
* '''Rate of Mutation:''' The core idea is that mutations in DNA accumulate at a relatively constant rate over time.
* '''Genetic Differences:''' By comparing DNA or protein sequences between species, scientists count the genetic differences.
* '''Dating Divergence:''' More differences imply a longer time since the species shared a common ancestor, allowing estimation of evolutionary timelines.

''' Challenges & New Models (Budd & Mann's CET) '''
the Covariant Evolutionary Tempo model suggests that when a big group of organisms appear, evolution actually speeds up. This would make it appear like more time was passing when evolution was really on fast-forward, differentiating into various groups that eventually appeared in the fossil record. “While the speeding clock idea needs testing,” Telford wrote, “it could explain other mismatches between molecular clocks and the fossil record.”

* '''Fossil Record Mismatch:''' Molecular clocks sometimes suggest earlier origins for animal groups than the fossil record shows, creating a gap (e.g., the [[Cambrian explosion]]).
* '''The CET Model:''' This model proposes that when a major group starts to diversify, it experiences:
** '''Explosive Radiation:''' Rapid increases in species diversity.
** '''Elevated Molecular Rates:''' Faster rates of genetic change.
** '''Impact:''' This explains why fossil records show sudden appearances of major groups, as they truly did evolve and diversify quickly, rather than gradually over long periods, says this article from Uppsala University.

''' Significance '''
* '''Refined Timelines:''' The new models provide a more nuanced understanding of evolutionary history, reconciling molecular data with fossil evidence.
* '''Understanding Major Events:''' Helps explain rapid evolutionary events, like the emergence of mammals after dinosaur extinction, where a surviving lineage exploded in diversity.
* '''Connecting Disciplines:''' Bridges gaps between molecular biology, paleontology, and geology to build more accurate evolutionary trees.

<youtube>mzKXfz-QPF0</youtube>
<youtube>JbtfyRUxXB0</youtube>

= Time Travel in Fiction =
* [[Causation vs. Correlation]]
* [[Books, Radio & Movies - Exploring Possibilities]]
Time travel in science and fiction serves as a rich narrative tool to explore [[Causation vs. Correlation | causality]], free will, and the malleability of timelines. Scientific theories like wormholes, relativistic travel involving time dilation, and closed timelike curves provide plausible mechanisms explanation of how time travel functions. In different popular movies, books, & shows – not how it works “under the hood", but how it [[Causation vs. Correlation | causally]] affects the perspective of characters’ timelines (who has free will? can you change things by going back to the past or forwards into the future?). In particular, I explain Ender's Game, Planet of the Apes, Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban, Primer, Bill & Ted’s Excellent Adventure, Back to the Future, Groundhog Day, Looper, the video game “Braid”, and Lifeline. Whether driven by science or narrative needs, these portrayals reflect how characters experience and manipulate time, raising questions about fate, agency, and the consequences of tampering with the past

<youtube>d3zTfXvYZ9s</youtube>
<youtube>mlMFYs0-XvU</youtube>

= Time & Music =
[https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=time+music+artificial+intelligence+ai YouTube search...]
[https://www.google.com/search?q=time+music+artificial+intelligence+ai ...Google search]

* [[End-to-End Speech]] ... [[Synthesize Speech]] ... [[Speech Recognition]] ... [[Music]]

<youtube>gk17N6cDKqQ</youtube>
<youtube>Gt2zubHcER4</youtube>
<youtube>F_VjVqe3KJ0</youtube>
<youtube>2VRsIQsGDtY</youtube>

Creatives

2026-05-15T14:59:12Z

BPeat:

Help Wanted

2026-05-15T14:55:29Z

BPeat:

2026-04-17T17:28:23Z

BPeat: /* 🎯 Layer 6 Reinforcement: Reward, Avoidance, and Reinforcement Learning (Felt Value Signals) */

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[https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=Life+Purpose+Meaning+Stardust+Information+Entropy YouTube]
[https://www.quora.com/search?q=Life%20Purpose%20Meaning%20Stardust%20Information%20Entropy ... Quora]
[https://www.google.com/search?q=Life+Purpose+Meaning+Stardust+Information+Entropy ...Google search]
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* [[Life~Meaning]] ... [[Consciousness]] ... [[Loop#Feedback Loop - Creating Consciousness|Creating Consciousness]] ... [[Quantum#Quantum Biology|Quantum Biology]] ... [[Orch-OR]] ... [[TAME]] ... [[Protein Folding & Discovery|Proteins]]
* [[Meaning Made]] ... [[Center and Circle Playbook|Center & Circle Playbook]] ... [[Center and Circle Playbook Walkthrough Example|Walkthrough]] ... [[Life Builds Meaning Further Reading|Further Reading]]
* [[Collective Animal Intelligence]] ... [[Animal Ecology]] ... [[Animal Language]] ... [[Bird Identification]]

<hr><center>
👁️ [https://drive.google.com/file/d/1uq125Tbe5Z9qTnt-g5N1dPQnmGrVQ6Qr/view Watch ''Life~Meaning'' Overview] ~ 7 minutes 
🎧 [https://drive.google.com/file/d/1-8LglvrCi2KQvMBgAlbrZ-9wFohuw1tJ/view Listen to ''Life~Meaning'' Introduction] ~ 33 minutes 
🎧 [https://drive.google.com/file/d/1YbSvNLmyvsPsebqVxJbFjMe951FLZOEy Listen to Debate] ~ 29 minutes 
👁️ [https://drive.google.com/file/d/1wxtsd540DtT3ECKXNJCum38K4fFflyYS/view Watch ''Life~Meaning'' Claymation] ~ 4 seconds
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🌟''Meaning'' is not merely an abstract concept invented by adults, but a fundamental layered biological and psychological imperative. When people talk about 🌟''Meaning'', they usually talk as if it’s a big philosophical mystery. It’s more practical than that. 🌟''Meaning'' shows up in real time as a ''signal''. It’s the feeling that something matters, that your effort belongs somewhere, when you’re needed, when you’re learning, when you’re loving well, and when you’re building something that fits your values. And you can feel the absence of it too, when life starts to feel flat, pointless, or scattered.

{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
! 🌟''Meaning''
| is the internal sense of ''purpose'' that emerges from a system’s drive for ''persistence''. It is sustained through a ''two-way relationship'': the entity detects and prioritizes the environmental factors necessary for its own survival, while providing enough value to its community to secure social protection and stability.
|}

While frequently relegated to philosophy or theology, a rigorous synthesis of evolutionary biology, systems theory, and developmental psychology reveals that 🌟''Meaning'' is a operationalizable drive rooted in the most basic requirement of existence: keeping a living '''''pattern''''' from falling apart. In this context, a ''pattern'' is defined as an organized, repeatable structure or process. These range from the cell boundaries that distinguish ''"self"'' from environment, to stable internal balances like temperature and chemistry, to reliable body plans that guide development and healing. At higher levels, these ''patterns'' include the learned mental models that predict what is significant and the shared social rules and stories that bind communities together.

== Question & Answer ==
Below is a guided Q&A that answers the most common questions people ask about purpose, suffering, belonging, and the “🌟''Meaning'' of life.”

'''Is 🌟''Meaning'' built into the universe itself?''' 
No. The universe doesn’t start with “why.” It starts with ''drift''. Matter spreads out, structures decay, and nothing holds together by default. That’s why 🌟''Meaning'' isn’t a built-in property of the cosmos the way mass, charge, or gravity are. 🌟''Meaning'' only appears once something exists that can be lost, repaired, protected, or improved. Life interrupts ''drift''. In short: the universe provides the stage, but 🌟''Meaning'' isn’t written into it.

'''is 🌟''Meaning'' the same as purpose?''' 
🌟''Meaning'' is the larger phenomenon: the felt sense that something matters because a living system is holding together, protecting what it values, and extending coherent patterns across time. ''Purpose'' is a more focused part of that, a direction, role, aim, or commitment that helps organize action. So purpose is one way 🌟''Meaning'' gets expressed, especially at the higher human layers of identity, vocation, generativity, and stewardship, but 🌟''Meaning'' starts much earlier than purpose. A cell can have primitive 🌟''Meaning'' in the sense that some states help it persist and others threaten it, but it does not have “purpose” in the human sense. In short: ''purpose'' is a shaped, higher-order form of 🌟''Meaning'', not its full equivalent.

'''If the universe has no built-in purpose, where does “why” come from at all?''' 
“Why” comes from the inside. The universe begins with ''drift'', but life is the rare counter-move, a system that locally resists ''drift'' long enough to persist. The moment a living system must keep itself ''coherent'', outcomes become asymmetric: some states preserve it, others destroy it. That asymmetry generates value, preference, and direction. So “why” isn’t imposed from above. It’s what ''coherence'' feels like once a system starts caring whether it falls apart.

'''Why does Earth matter in a cosmic sense?''' 
Earth matters because it’s a rare place where ''drift'' was locally resisted long enough for life to arise. Stable energy flows, chemistry, temperature ranges, and time created a window where ''coherent patterns'' could build on themselves instead of dissolving. Earth isn’t special because it was chosen. It’s special because it worked. It became a place where 🌟''Meaning'' could be built, layer by layer, rather than immediately erased by entropy.

'''Does 🌟''Meaning'' come before life, or does ''Life Build Meaning''?''' 
The universe isn’t ''meaningful'' first and then gives rise to life. ''Drift'' comes first, and 🌟''Meaning'' appears only when life arises and starts doing the work of staying ''coherent''. The moment a system maintains boundaries, repairs damage, learns from outcomes, and coordinates with others, “what matters” comes into existence. Life, in turn, creates “why” from the inside, by keeping itself ''coherent'' and extending that ''coherence'' outward through relationships that persist.

'''What is the minimum condition required for 🌟''Meaning'' to appear anywhere?''' 
The minimum condition is a system that can locally resist ''drift''. There must be a boundary, a way to detect error, and the capacity to correct it, in other words, the ability to preserve itself against breakdown. Once a system can distinguish between states that sustain it and states that threaten it, 🌟''Meaning'' exists in its most primitive form. From there it can scale, from regulation, to learning, to prediction, to relationships, to stewardship. At root, 🌟''Meaning'' is what ''coherence'' feels like from the inside once something starts caring whether it falls apart.

'''Are we talking about ''"Survival of the Fittest"''''' 
While the popular phrase ''"Survival of the Fittest"'' often conjures images of individual combat and ''"nature red in tooth and claw,"'' it captures only a fragment of how the universe actually evolves. A more accurate and expansive view is the ''"Persistence of the Integrated."'' Evolution is not merely a race to be the strongest; it is a multi-layered relay race where the ''"winners"'' are those systems that successfully fit into their environment and cooperate with other entities to ensure their ''patterns'' continue. Whether it is a chemical reaction finding a stable loop, a cell merging with a bacterium in endosymbiosis, or an orchid tricking a bee to ensure its offspring exist, the engine of progress is integration -- moving beyond simple survival toward a purposeful architecture of connection, complexity, and eventually, global stewardship.

'''Why does 🌟''Meaning'' disappear when my body and life feel out of control?''' 
When the body can’t stay within workable ranges, attention narrows to survival, and everything higher purpose, values, goals, identity temporarily drops out. 🌟''Meaning'' doesn’t vanish because you failed philosophically. It shrinks because the platform it depends on is under strain. At the base of every ''meaningful life'' is regulation: the body’s ability to keep itself in a workable range. You’re doing this all day without thinking about it. Temperature, energy, sleep, stress hormones, immune balance, pain ''signals'', appetite. Your body is constantly correcting, adjusting, and preparing. It doesn’t just react after things go wrong. It tries to anticipate. That ongoing upkeep is not ''“low-level trivia.”'' It’s the platform that everything higher depends on. When regulation fails, life feels like emergency mode, and 🌟''Meaning'' shrinks to survival.

'''How do we know what is 'good' or 'bad' for us?''' 
You learn “good” and “bad” through feedback. What supports regulation, safety, connection, and growth feels good because it stabilizes you and expands options. What disrupts those feels bad because it drives breakdown. Over time, reinforcement makes these ''signals'' into felt priorities. 'Good' sustains ''coherence'' over time, 'bad' erodes it, even if it rewards you short term.

'''How do life experiences shape what feels ''Meaningful?''''' 
Now add a second piece: experience trains what you care about. You learn, over time, what leads to safety, relief, connection, competence, and trust. You also learn what leads to danger, shame, rejection, and regret. This training isn’t just intellectual. It becomes felt. Certain things pull you forward. Certain things warn you away. That’s why 🌟''Meaning'' can become ''“sticky.”'' It’s not only a belief you hold. It’s a set of priorities your life has learned, through thousands of small outcomes, about what actually improves your state over time.

'''Why does uncertainty drain us, and why does having a good sense of how things work make life feel more manageable and ''Meaningful?''''' 
Then something even more powerful shows up. Humans don’t only learn from the past, we run the future in our heads. We build internal models of the world and test ''“what-if”'' options before we act. That’s why uncertainty is draining. When your inner model can’t predict what’s next, your mind burns energy trying to figure it out. When you have a stable map, life feels navigable. This is also why wisdom matters. Wisdom is not just knowledge. It’s having an internal model that predicts reality well enough that your choices start to work.

'''Why does [[consciousness]] matter for 🌟''Meaning'' beyond prediction and intelligence?''' 
But we aren’t just prediction machines. We have a unified experience of the present moment. Pain isn’t a number, it hurts. Beauty isn’t data, it moves you. Conscience isn’t a concept, it presses on you. Love isn’t a theory, it changes what you can bear. Whatever [[consciousness]] ultimately is, it creates a single point of view, a ''“now,”'' where perception, emotion, memory, and intention come together. That’s what makes moral life possible. You aren’t just pushed by impulses. You can notice, choose, and commit.

'''Is it enough to just be happy?''' 
Happiness is a real ''signal'', but it’s mostly a near-term readout that things are working in the moment.

'''Do I need to be useful?''' 
Usefulness matters because it tends to make your life more resilient over time, it connects you to a two-way relationship where you give value and receive belonging, support, and a clearer sense of what to do next. You don’t have to earn your right to exist.

'''Why do I feel most alive when I am needed by other people?''' 
“Needed” is a biological and social ''signal'' that you’re in healthy membership. When other people genuinely rely on you, it clarifies priorities, tightens your prediction of what matters next, and turns effort into something that ''“belongs somewhere.”''

'''Why doesn’t ''Meaning'' come from comfort, achievement, or self-sufficiency alone?''' There’s the part that most people know in their bones: 🌟''Meaning'' is not a solo project. You can be comfortable and still feel empty if you’re disconnected. You can be busy and still feel hollow if nobody truly knows you. People need belonging, trust, and mutual care. We also need roles that make us feel useful. That’s not weakness. It’s how humans are built. 🌟''Meaning'' gets stronger when there’s a real give-and-take, when you’re supported by others and you also contribute back. Many religious people would call that love in action: not sentiment, but commitment and reciprocity.

'''Why does 🌟''Meaning'' require belonging and commitment to something larger than the individual?''' 
There’s a powerful way to see this that isn’t just poetic. Your body is not one thing, it’s a community of cells. Those cells survive by belonging to something bigger than themselves. They specialize. They cooperate. They restrain themselves for the good of the whole. If a cell ''“opts out”'' and only pursues its own growth, the result is ''cancer''. That’s a biological lesson with a moral echo: ''higher life requires membership''. Parts flourish by participating in a larger integrity, not by isolating or extracting.

'''What does 🌟''Meaning'' have to do with recovery, forgiveness, and rebuilding?''' 
Once you see life as a ''pattern'' that can hold together, another kind of 🌟''Meaning''' becomes obvious: repair and restoration. Living systems don’t only maintain chemistry. They maintain form. They heal wounds. They rebuild after damage. They aim toward wholeness. That’s why ''“getting better”'' feels ''meaningful''. It’s not only relief, it’s a return to ''coherence''. In human terms, that shows up as recovery, forgiveness, rebuilding trust, restoring routines, and repairing relationships. Restoration isn’t just a spiritual metaphor. It’s a basic move life makes at every scale.

'''Can spirituality fit in ''Life~Meaning'', and what does it add that the biological and social layers don’t fully capture?''' 
''Life~Meaning'' isn’t spiritual or religious; it does not include a spirituality layer. ''Life~Meaning'' is a naturalistic account of how 🌟''Meaning'' is generated and stabilized through biology, learning, consciousness, and social reciprocity. If you’re a spiritual or religious person, you can place your own optional interpretive layer on top of it, for example, reading these mechanisms as the human channels through which divine purpose, grace, calling, or covenant are lived out. The framework itself stays descriptive, not theological, and it’s meant to be compatible with believers and non-believers without asking either to change their core commitments.

'''Without scripture, how do you know 'right' from 'wrong'?''' 
Scriptures are moral maps that’s helped a lot of people. Life~Meaning helps explain underneath any good moral map. Humans don’t survive well as isolated individuals, we survive through relationships and communities. So ‘right’ is what protects life and keeps the system coherent: it reduces harm, builds trust, and supports repair when things break. ‘Wrong’ is what increases harm, breaks trust, or treats other people like tools, because that makes the whole system unstable. Even if someone didn’t grow up with good parents, we still have signals and feedback that teach this: empathy, consequences, reciprocity, and the way communities either protect you or stop trusting you. Scripture can guide those choices, but the basic test is still practical: does this move help people hold together and care for each other, or does it push us toward drift and damage?”

'''How does 🌟''Meaning'' evolve across a lifetime?''' 
As we grow older, 🌟''Meaning'' often shifts again. It becomes less about immediate wins and more about the story you’re living. Who am I becoming. What am I responsible for. What do I serve that’s bigger than my mood today. This is where vocation, calling, and generativity enter. People become most durable when they invest in others, build skills they can pass on, mentor, teach, create, care, and leave things better than they found them. You could describe this as faithfulness across time: taking your place in a longer arc, and doing your part with integrity.

'''Is there a specific mission I was born to find?''' 
No. You weren’t born with a single, pre-written assignment that you’re supposed to locate like a hidden object. You were born with a 🌟''Meaning''-making system. When your body is regulated enough to function, your brain learns what reliably improves your state over time, your mind builds a workable map of the world, and your social life gives you roles where you’re valued and you contribute back. When those pieces line up around something you can sustain, it feels like “this is it.” So “mission” is built through choices and repetition, not revealed all at once. You try directions, you keep what increases ''coherence'' and reciprocity, and you drop what fragments you. After enough cycles, the path can feel discovered because it matches you, but it still became real because you committed to it.

'''If I don’t have children, how can I build a ''meaningful'' life?''' 
🌟''Meaning'' does not depend on having children. 🌟''Meaning'' grows when your life helps preserve and extend what matters beyond yourself. Children are one way to do that, but not the only way. You can build 🌟''Meaning'' through close relationships, mentoring, teaching, creating, caregiving, building community, protecting knowledge, or helping make the future more livable for others. In this view, a ''meaningful'' life comes from contribution, continuity, and care across time, not from biological legacy alone. Focus on investing in people, projects, or institutions that outlast the moment and make life better for others - help carry something forward that would be weaker without you.

'''How does 🌟''Meaning'' expand into stewardship for future generations?''' 
Then 🌟''Meaning'' expands one more time into ''stewardship''. If you care about future people, you eventually care about the conditions that keep life workable at all, things like stable communities, trustworthy institutions, shared knowledge, and the natural systems that support health and survival. This isn’t politics. It’s responsibility at scale. It’s saying: ''I won’t only build my private life. I’ll also help keep the shared world from falling apart, so the next generation has a real chance to thrive.''

'''Why does a ''Meaningful'' life require both stability of the self and value to others?''' 
Crucially, 🌟''Meaning'' operates as a two-way survival ''relationship''. It is not a solitary endeavor but a reciprocal exchange: an organism must actively detect and value the world to preserve its own internal life ''patterns'', while simultaneously ensuring it remains valuable enough to its community that the group helps protect it. The internal effort to maintain one's own structure is known as ''Autopoiesis'' (self-creation)—the biological mandate to repair, regulate, and keep the 'self' intact. The external effort to create value for the group is ''Allopoiesis'' (other-creation)—the production of resources, tools, or behaviors that benefit the larger system. 🌟''Meaning'', therefore, is not found in one or the other, but in the successful integration of both: using the stability of the self (''Autopoiesis'') to contribute to the whole (''Allopoiesis'').

'''How does 🌟''Meaning'' scale across different levels of life, from biology to society and the future?''' 
This ''pattern''-preserving work scales across levels of organization and time horizons:
* Molecules and cells maintain balance moment-to-moment.
* Tissues and organs coordinate repair over days.
* Whole organisms learn and plan over years to navigate their environment.
* Social groups sustain shared values across generations, creating a protective fabric for their members.
* People and planet sustain the conditions of ''coherence'' across centuries, keeping the world habitable.

'''What is 🌟''Meaning'' at its deepest foundation?''' 
Left alone, things ''drift'', decay, and break down. Life is unusual because it keeps itself together by doing work. It takes in energy, repairs damage, and holds a boundary. This is an expansion of that same basic ''pattern'': holding together, learning what works, predicting what’s next, living a unified present, belonging to others, repairing what breaks, carrying a story across time, and protecting the conditions that let the whole project continue. In this view, 🌟''Meaning'' isn’t a mysterious prize. It’s what ''coherence'' feels like from the inside, and it grows as our capacity to hold and protect ''coherence'' grows.

🌟''Meaning'' is something life actively constructs by preserving and extending ''coherent patterns'' at every level. It is the ongoing labor of maintaining ''coherence'' against fragmentation —repairing what breaks, stabilizing what ''drifts'', and coordinating parts into functional wholes so that information and organization persist through time. The common thread is ''pattern'' preservation: keeping what matters intact, correcting errors as they arise, and expanding the horizon of what a system can sense, value, and protect—securing both the integrity of the self and the support of the community.

<hr><center>
''You weren't born with a single, pre-written assignment... You were born with a Meaning-making system.''
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The ontological section that follows unpacks the same ideas as above at a different resolution — asking not just ''how does this feel?'' but "what kind of thing is 🌟''Meaning'' at the most fundamental level of reality?" It builds the answer layer by layer, from the chemistry of persistence to the stewardship of civilizations. Readers who found the Q&A useful may want to return to it after reading the layers; the two sections are designed to illuminate each other.

= Ontological Perspective =
The following ontological perspective asks what 🌟''Meaning'' at the most fundamental level, what kind of thing 🌟''Meaning'' is in reality, not just how we talk about 🌟''Meaning'' or feel about it. Presenting that 🌟''Meaning'' emerges from how living systems hold together and persist over time. Presented here is a “layered emergence model” for 🌟''Meaning'': a progressive build from micro to macro scales and from short-horizon survival to long-horizon stewardship and legacy...

<hr><center>

We are made of "star-stuff"—heavy elements forged in ancient stars. We are a way for the cosmos to know itself. - Carl Sagan

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The ten layers below unpack that ontological claim in a concrete sequence. They’re ordered by scale (micro to macro) and time horizon (immediate survival to multi-generational legacy). The arc runs from basic stability and regulation, to body-plan maintenance, to predictive brains, to value ''signals'' and reinforcement learning, to (possibly) [[consciousness|conscious]] binding, and onward into culture, identity, generativity, and stewardship. Each layer adds a stronger way to keep what matters intact, correct ''drift'', and widen what the system can sense, value, and protect. The layers are nested and cumulative: higher layers depend on lower ones and extend them into larger spaces and longer timeframes.
Reference: [[Life~Meaning#Bullet Descriptions|'Bullet Descriptions']] below.

* 🧿'''Layer 1 Boundary: Life Holds Itself Together (''Thermodynamic Coherence'')''' – Life functions as a local resistance to decay, using continuous energy flow to build and preserve organized ''patterns'' against the universal ''drift'' toward entropy.
* ⚖️'''Layer 2 Balance: Staying In Balance (''Allostasis & Homeostasis'')''' – The active regulation of internal stability and the anticipation of future demands create the earliest biological goals, establishing a functional boundary between the self and the environment.
* 🦋 '''Layer 3 Form: Morphogenesis & Regeneration (''Body-Plan Goals'')''' – 🌟''Meaning'' scales to the anatomical level as protected developmental environments allow cells to synchronize and self-assemble into complex, functional body plans.
* 🧫'''Layer 4 Membership: Shift: From Persistence to Membership (''Collective Tissue Selves'')''' – The transition to multicellularity shifts the biological imperative from individual survival to collective integrity, where cells specialize and coordinate to maintain a larger macroscopic self.
* 🌐'''Layer 5 Prediction: Predictive World-Models (''Nervous Systems'')''' – The evolution of nervous systems transforms organisms from reactive machines into reality simulators that calculate "salience" and plan actions based on internal maps of the world.
* 🎯'''Layer 6 Reinforcement: Reward, Avoidance, and Reinforcement Learning (''Felt Value Signals'') ''' - Predictive brains attach felt value (good/bad, relief/threat) to outcomes and use reinforcement learning to update habits and priorities, turning “what is” into “what matters” in a way that drives action over time.
* 📌'''Layer 7 Presence: [[consciousness|Conscious]] Moments & Binding (''Orch-OR Candidate Layer'')''' – Diverse neural and biological ''signals'' are compressed into a unified, subjective experience of the "now," solving the binding problem and allowing the organism to act as a singular agent.
* 🏛️'''Layer 8 Social: Shared ''Patterns'' Across Minds''' – The self expands beyond the biological body to rely on external scaffolds—such as language, institutions, and shared norms—that stabilize identity through consensus and collective memory.
* 📜'''Layer 9 Story: Narrative Identity & Generativity (''Patterns'' Through Time)''' – 🌟''Meaning'' peaks in the active guidance and preservation of the future. The self extends its influence across generations to protect legacies, mentor others, and maintain coherence against narrative entropy.
* 🌍'''Layer 10 Stewardship: Caring for the Future (''People and Planet'')''' – 🌟''Meaning'' scales to safeguarding the long-lived systems that keep life and culture viable, including ecosystems, institutions, knowledge commons, and governance, so future generations inherit stable conditions for ''coherence'' rather than collapse.

👁️Click ... [https://drive.google.com/uc?export=view&id=1xJfG3-uNfaqNKIYSQJ08Ex66xlwQ-sou&/10layer.png here for 10 Layer image]

 

== 🧿 Layer 1 Boundary: Life Holds Itself Together (''Thermodynamic Coherence'') ==

To understand how ''meaning'' emerges from matter, we have to start with a basic fact: left alone, organized systems tend to fall apart. Houses decay, bodies weaken, and physical differences flatten out. Physics describes this tendency with the ''Second Law of Thermodynamics'': in an ''isolated system'', total entropy cannot decrease over time. In practice, this means systems drift toward equilibrium as temperature differences fade, concentrations diffuse, and usable gradients disappear. ''Entropy'' measures how dispersed energy and matter have become, or how close a system is to equilibrium.

 
<hr><center>
Without entropy, nothing would need to be maintained. Without maintenance, nothing would matter.
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'''Life is the local exception to drift.''' 
Life does not escape the Second Law. It works within it. A living organism is an open system that stays organized by importing low-entropy resources such as sunlight, food, oxygen, or chemical free energy, and exporting higher-entropy waste such as heat, CO2, urea, and dispersed metabolites. It keeps order inside by increasing disorder outside.

Because life must actively resist decay to continue existing, outcomes are no longer equal. Some states preserve the ''pattern''; others degrade it. That asymmetry is the beginning of value. ''Thermodynamic coherence'' is therefore not just a matter of chemistry or metabolism. It marks a viability boundary: some trajectories sustain organized structure, while others accelerate breakdown.

In this sense, life is an act of ''emergence'': the point at which nonliving matter becomes an organized ''pattern'', building and preserving structure through [[Protein Folding & Discovery|proteins]], the essential ''"hardware"'' of cells, membranes, metabolism, and memory. By taking in energy and raw materials, repairing damage, maintaining boundaries, and correcting deviations, the organism preserves a functional ''pattern'' across time. From this arise primitive value gradients: the earliest biological distinction between better and worse states. This is the first step toward 🌟''Meaning''.

''Endosymbiosis'' is a good example of ''thermodynamic coherence'' in action. When a larger cell incorporated a smaller ''“powerhouse”'' microbe, the ancestor of mitochondria, energy production became far more reliable. That steady flow of energy helped the host cell maintain membranes, repair damage, and keep internal chemistry within workable ranges. In a universe that tends toward disorder, this partnership let the cell keep itself organized longer by paying the energetic cost of staying alive.

At this earliest layer, value is not yet reflective, social, or narrative. It is simply the real difference between conditions that help a living ''pattern'' continue and conditions that push it toward breakdown.

 
🧬 '''Pattern:''' The core ''pattern'' is protein-based structure persisting in time—a living system maintaining local order by constant energy/matter throughput. [[Orch-OR#Case_Study:_Biochemical_Precursors_.28NASA.27s_OSIRIS-REx_and_Asteroid_Bennu.29|Samples returned from asteroid Bennu]] show that many of life’s chemical building blocks form outside Earth: researchers identified 14 of the 20 protein amino acids used by terrestrial life, plus additional amino acids not used in biology. This supports a key Layer 1 point: the universe can generate the raw inventory widely, but 🌟''Meaning'' only becomes possible where local coherence persists long enough for regulation, learning, and reciprocity to emerge.

🌱 '''Emerges:''' The shift where dead matter becomes an organized ''pattern'' creates a primitive value gradient: states that preserve organization become implicitly ''“good"'', states that dissolve it become implicitly ''“bad.”''

❤️ '''Felt Sense:''' This is the baseline physical sensation of existing as a distinct, bounded entity fighting off decay. You feel this raw drive to persist when you instinctively gasp for air after holding your breath, an immediate bodily rejection of physical collapse.

🐒 '''Evolution:''' Any mechanism that improves persistence, repair, and stability is selectable; survival is ''pattern'' maintenance under pressure. Endosymbiosis shows that evolution can ''lock in'' stable partnerships as a new unit of survival—mutualism hardened into a single, more persistent ''“Self.”'' Molecular phylogenetics and comparative genomics track how DNA, RNA, and protein sequence ''patterns'' change over time, letting us reconstruct evolutionary history and estimate when lineages diverged, essentially measuring how long-lived biological ''patterns'' persist, branch, and stabilize under selection. At this foundation, evolution is the "Survival of the Stable." Before life exists, energy and matter must find a way to resist chaos. Persistence here is about a system maintaining its own integrity against a turbulent environment. It is the "chemical whirlpool" that learns to keep its shape, setting the stage for more complex patterns to emerge.

🪆 '''[[TAME]]:''' Sets the precondition: stable ''patterns'' must exist before any goal-directed control can be ''meaningfully'' defined.

🍎 '''Maslow:''' Physiological needs describe the human experience; the requirement for air, water, food, sleep, and basic bodily care. When these are missing, attention collapses to immediate survival, and higher concerns temporarily lose 🌟''Meaning''. 🌟''Meaning'' cannot stabilize unless the body has enough energy and rest to maintain ''coherence''.

<youtube>DxL2HoqLbyA</youtube>

== ⚖️ Layer 2 Balance: Staying In Balance (''Allostasis & Homeostasis'') ==
[[Loop#Feedback Loop - Homeostasis|Homeostasis]] as proto-🌟''Meaning'': Before there is pleasure or pain, there is successful or failed regulation. [[Loop#Feedback Loop - Homeostasis|Homeostasis]] is the maintenance of internal ''coherence'' against entropy, representing the earliest form of a biological ''"goal"'' —the active preservation of steady physical and chemical conditions (the homeostatic range) optimal for the organism. While [[Loop#Feedback Loop - Homeostasis|Homeostasis]] operates primarily through negative feedback loops to reverse deviations and maintain equilibrium, [[Loop#Feedback Loop - Homeostasis|Allostasis]] expands this capacity by maintaining stability through ''change''. [[Loop#Feedback Loop - Homeostasis|Allostasis]] anticipates needs (stress, exercise, threat) and adjusts the body’s operating settings (hormones, immune activity) to match predicted demands, transforming simple maintenance into active biological foresight. Importantly, much regulation is ''symbiotic: commensal-to-mutualistic'' microbiomes function like external ''organs'', helping digest resources, train immune boundaries, and stabilize the ''internal milieu''—so homeostasis is partly maintained ''beyond the genome''.

'''How is my body’s stability and regulation supported by microbes, not just my own human cells?''' 
A lot of your body’s ''regulation'' isn’t just you doing it alone. It’s a partnership with the ''microbes that live in and on you'', especially in your gut and on your skin. Think of them like extra support staff. They help you break down food, make or unlock certain nutrients, and even “train” your immune system on what to ignore versus what to fight. So some of your stability comes from this whole living ecosystem, not just from your human DNA. Here’s a reality-check that surprises a lot of people: you’re not only human cells. The best current estimates say a typical adult has around ''30 trillion human cells'' and about ''38 trillion bacterial cells''. That means bacteria are roughly on par with, and often a bit more than, human cells by count. Most of these microbes aren’t parasites. They’re usually helpful partners that shape digestion, immune balance, and metabolism. In a real way, they act like a flexible, spread-out ''“helper system”'' that extends what your body can do beyond what your genes can do alone.

🧬 '''Pattern:''' ''Regulated Internal Variables.'' The core ''pattern'' is regulated internal variables (setpoints and viable ranges) maintained through feedback control. The ''"Self"'' at this level is defined by the boundary that keeps internal states stable while the external world fluctuates. This includes ''co-regulators'' like the microbiome, which effectively extends the organism’s stability loops beyond its own cells.

🌱 '''Emerges:''' ''Meaning-as-signal'': cues become ''meaningful'' because they predict threats to or support of viability.

❤️ '''Felt Sense:''' This is the internal comfort of your body successfully regulating its own needs. It is the immediate, visceral relief of drinking cold water when you are overheated, shifting your baseline from distress back to stability.

🐒 '''Evolution:''' Better regulation and prediction improve fitness; [[Loop#Feedback Loop - Homeostasis|Allostasis]] adds advantage by anticipating demands before damage occurs. This regulatory capacity was the critical evolutionary solution (''[[Loop#Feedback Loop - Homeostasis|Homeostatic]] Ocean'', ''Encapsulated Ocean'', ''Portable Ocean'', or ''Milieu Intérieur'') to leaving the sea: unable to live without the specific salinity and chemical balance of the ocean, life solved the problem by taking the ocean with it. We are, effectively, ''bags of ocean''—capsules of the primordial sea that maintain ancient aquatic conditions (pH, salinity, temperature) regardless of the dry environment outside. Integration begins with the "Survival of the Self-Sustaining." In this stage, chemical reactions create a feedback loop where the products of the reaction help the reaction happen again. It is the universe’s first "relay race," where the "meaning" of the system is found in its ability to keep the cycle moving forward.

🪆 '''[[TAME]]:''' This is the ''minimum viable agency'' layer: goal-directedness as error correction around setpoints.

🍎 '''Maslow:''' Safety needs help describe the human form of regulation. People require protection, shelter, predictable conditions, and freedom from constant threat in order to stay within workable limits. When safety is unstable, the system shifts into defensive mode, and the sense that life has direction or purpose becomes harder to maintain. 

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== Boundary Case: Borrowed Agency (Viruses) ==

Viruses highlight a critical boundary in the ''Life~Meaning'': '''''goal-like behavior'' can exist without a ''goal-holder'''''. [[Loop#Feedback Loop - Homeostasis|Allostasis]] and [[Loop#Feedback Loop - Homeostasis|homeostasis]] are the earliest clear examples of biological goals because they involve setpoints (or viable ranges), error detection, and corrective action to preserve internal ''coherence''. Viruses sit just outside that definition. On the symbiosis spectrum, viruses are best framed as ''parasitism'': they couple to a host’s ''coherence''-preserving machinery, but drive that machinery away from host viability and toward viral replication. They can spread and ''succeed'', but they do not maintain an internal state, regulate variables, or correct errors in service of a living self.

'''Why are viruses described as ‘borrowed agency’ rather than independent life?''' 
A virus is best understood as a portable informational ''pattern'' (RNA/DNA wrapped in a [[Protein Folding & Discovery|protein shell]], sometimes with a lipid envelope). Outside a host cell, it has no metabolism and performs no work to keep itself stable beyond passive persistence. Its apparent agency appears only when it enters a living cell and ''borrows'' the cell’s ''coherence''-preserving machinery: ribosomes, energy currency (ATP), membrane trafficking, and copying enzymes. From the cell’s point of view, this is a hostile takeover of regulation: the viral ''pattern'' forces the cell to allocate resources toward making viral parts, often damaging the cell and destabilizing the larger organism that depends on it. A clear example is [[COVID-19|SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19)]], which gains entry by hijacking the ACE2 receptor. The virus exploits this [[Loop#Feedback Loop - Homeostasis|homeostatic]] ''"door handle"'' to insert its own genetic agenda, forcing the host machinery to abandon its maintenance duties and instead manufacture viral spikes.

'''Where is the boundary between a pattern that persists and a system that actually has ''Meaning?''''' 
Viruses are informational patterns that lack self-maintaining ''coherence'' and only appear agent-like by exploiting the regulatory machinery of living cells. This boundary case sharpens the core rule: 🌟''Meaning'' requires a purpose-holder. 🌟''Meaning'' is not merely persistence of a ''pattern'' through time; it is the active work of preserving valued ''patterns'' via internal goals, error detection, and corrective action. Viruses propagate through 🌟''Meaning''-bearing systems (cells and organisms), but do not (by themselves) instantiate the goal machinery that generates 🌟''Meaning''. This completes the triangle: ''commensalism'' borrows stability, ''mutualism'' co-builds stability, and ''parasitism'' steals stability.

🧬 '''Pattern:''' A minimal, portable information ''pattern'' (genome + capsid) that can persist inertly and be re-instantiated inside host cells.

🌱 '''Emerges:''' ''Borrowed purpose'' and host-side '🌟''Meaning'': infection produces salience (danger ''signals'') and triggers organism-level re-stabilization (immune mobilization, sickness behavior, fever).

❤️ '''Felt Sense:''' This is the visceral, whole-body experience of your internal systems fighting to regain stability when your baseline is severely disrupted. When you have the flu, this manifests as the deep, systemic exhaustion and thermal distress of a fever, followed by the immediate physical relief when your temperature finally breaks and your body settles back into its normal range

🐒 '''Evolution:''' Selection accumulates ''as-if strategies'' (entry, replication efficiency, immune evasion, transmission). Viral design looks goal-directed because variants that spread outcompete those that do not. Viruses have significantly shaped human evolution by contributing genetic material over deep time; endogenous retroviral elements comprise roughly ''~8%'' of the human genome, and some have been co-opted for host functions; leading to key innovations like the mammalian placenta (via the Syncytin gene for cell fusion -illustrating that life begins with the active transfer of protective information from one generation to the next. Retroviruses integrated into our DNA, providing ''control switches'' for gene expression, influencing development, and driving adaptive changes in our immune system and even taste perception (salivary amylase). In the nervous system, the Arc gene—essential for synaptic plasticity and long-term memory —appears to derive from a Ty3/gypsy retrotransposon lineage and can form capsid-like structures, suggesting that evolution repurposed retroelement machinery for neural communication. Retroviruses act as powerful drivers of evolution, introducing new genetic information that natural selection can act upon, making viruses integral to human biology and evolutionary history.

🪆 '''[[TAME]]:''' Clarifies the difference between true agency (error-correcting control around setpoints) and ''pattern'' propagation that piggybacks on another agent’s control loops.

🍎 '''Maslow:''' Viruses fail the hierarchy stability test because they do not carry their own hierarchy. They do not maintain physiology, safety, membership, identity, or long-term regulation. Instead, they exploit the hierarchy already built by a host organism. In Maslow’s language, they act on the energy supplied by lower levels without supporting those levels themselves. In Life~Meaning terms, they are ''patterns'' that ride on 🌟''Meaning''-bearing systems rather than systems that generate 🌟''Meaning''. 

''Bridge note to Layer 3:'' If Layer 2 defines proto-🌟''Meaning'' as the regulation of internal variables, viruses reveal what is still missing: a higher-order, multi-cellular capacity to preserve ''coherence'' across space—coordinating repair, growth, and the restoration of form. That next step is the emergence of body-plan goals in morphogenesis and regeneration.

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== 🦋 Layer 3 Form: Morphogenesis & Regeneration (''Body-Plan Goals'') ==
🌟''Meaning'' begins at the decision surface, an active boundary (such as a cell membrane) that constantly discriminates between ''"self"'' and ''"non-self."''

However, for this delicate sorting process to scale up into complex anatomy, it requires a protected, buffered developmental environment—external noise or entropy would otherwise disrupt the precise ''signaling'' required for self-assembly. In mammals, the womb acts as this buffer; in many other organisms, eggs or other developmental niches serve a similar role. By holding the world at bay, it sustains a continuous morphogenetic field—the invisible bioelectric blueprint that guides cells into specific shapes. In this way, the womb functions as nature’s first "🌟''Meaning'' engine": it provides the physical infrastructure that allows biological complexity to emerge without fragmentation, ensuring that billions of diverse cells synchronize into a unified whole rather than ''drifting'' into disorder.

Living patterns often look like they were planned by a brilliant mind. Take the [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tOFTPea7xVg Bee Orchid (Ophrys apifera)], it looks and smells like a female bee to trick males into pollinating it. This flower offers a vivid example of how living ''patterns'' can come to look designed without being designed in advance. Its lower lip looks remarkably like a female bee, and it even releases scents that attract male bees. When a male tries to mate with the flower, he ends up brushing against its pollen and carrying that pollen to another orchid. At first glance, it feels natural to say, ''“That flower is smart,”'' or ''“That flower is crafty.”'' It seems as if the orchid has invented a trick.

 
But that is the wrong frame. The flower is not thinking, planning, or trying to deceive. What happened is simpler and, in a deeper sense, more powerful. Some orchids happened to vary in ways that made them slightly better at attracting bees. Those orchids were pollinated more often. Because they reproduced more successfully, the traits that helped them do so were passed on. Over many generations, the living ''pattern'' was shaped and refined: forms and scents that worked were retained, while less effective variations disappeared. What looks like clever design is really the accumulated result of natural selection.

 
So the orchid is not evidence of a mind at work inside the flower. It is evidence that the environment rewarded certain shapes, scents, and timings over others. The flower is a reflection of selection pressures, not conscious intention. This is one of the clearest ways to understand how design can arise without a designer. Under the right conditions, persistence itself sculpts ''pattern''.

And that is why this idea can feel hard to accept. Human beings are quick to see agency, purpose, and craft wherever something appears well fitted to a task. We instinctively imagine a planner behind the pattern. But evolution shows that fit can emerge without foresight. The ''“reason”'' the orchid looks designed is not that anyone meant it to, but that forms that worked survived, while forms that did not disappeared. What endures begins to look purposeful because the world keeps selecting what works.

 
<hr><center>
''We are quick to see agency, purpose, and craft wherever something appears well fitted to a task, instinctively imagining a planner behind the pattern: evolution shows that fit can emerge without foresight: success looks like design: natural selection hones survival into design without a designer or conscious intent.''
</center><hr>

🧬 '''Pattern:''' ''Target Anatomy & Nested Constraints.'' The ''pattern'' is the system’s tendency to converge on functional form through nested constraints: cells synchronize to create a beating heart; the heart supports a nervous system; the nervous system allows for experience.

🌱 '''Emerge:''' Infrastructure as 🌟''Meaning''. 🌟''Meaning''-as-form expands to include inherited defense. The placenta acts as a temporary multi-organ system (lungs, liver, kidneys) and facilitates the transfer of maternal IgG antibodies via the FcRn receptor, providing the newborn with its first immunological 🌟''Meaning'' or defense strategy.

❤️ '''Felt Sense:''' This manifests as the psychological drive toward physical wholeness and the relief of returning to a functional shape after damage. You feel this when the sharp pain of a cut finally fades into a dull itch as it heals, allowing your attention to expand outward into the world again.

🐒 '''Evolution:''' Robust development requires a return to the source. The fetus develops in a warm, buoyant saltwater environment that recreates the conditions of the ancient oceans. This confirms the ''"Encapsulated Ocean"'' of Layer 2: to build a complex land-dwelling life, nature must first recreate the specific salinity and buoyancy of the sea to support the fragile process of self-assembly. Here, the focus shifts to the "Survival of the Form." Evolution at this level is about parts organizing into a functional shape. Just as a model railroad requires precise integration between the wheels and the track to function, biological structures must "fit" their physical reality to allow the flow of energy and information.

🪆 '''[[TAME]]:''' Frames morphogenesis as basal cognition: goal-seeking in anatomical space. The womb provides ''permissive containment'', a shielded state where voltage gradients can stabilize and developmental errors can be corrected before the organism faces the outside world.

🍎 '''Maslow:''' Stability includes the ability to recover after damage. Humans need time, care, and supportive conditions to heal from injury, illness, or emotional strain. 🌟''Meaning'' strengthens when repair is possible, because the system can continue its pattern across time instead of breaking under accumulated damage.

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== 🧫 Layer 4 Membership: Shift: From Persistence to Membership (''Collective Tissue Selves'') ==
The evolution of multicellularity marks a profound transition where the biological imperative shifts from ''individual persistence'' to ''membership''. This creates a new hierarchy of 🌟''Meaning'' where the survival of the constituent unit becomes secondary to the integrity of the macroscopic ''"Self."'' This transition is analogous to the shift from subsistence isolationism to participation in a highly stratified civilization. Just as urban society enables infrastructure impossible for a lone human, cellular cooperation allows for the emergence of complex morphology, long-range planning, and higher-order [[consciousness]]. Ultimately, the cognitive boundary expands; the operational question driving the system evolves from the localized ''"How do '''I''' survive?"'' to the systemic ''"How do '''WE''' function?"'' Multicellularity is ''symbiosis turned inward'': a forced mutualism where cells trade autonomy for shared infrastructure, making a larger ''coherence'' that no lone cell could maintain.

*'''The Sovereign Entity (The Free-Living Protist)''' - a single-celled organism, such as an amoeba, operates under a competitive, zero-sum paradigm. In the single-cell world, every other cell is a competitor. If you see food, you grab it before the guy next to you does.
** ''Total Autonomy:'' It is the sole agent of its own survival, defined by metabolic independence.
** ''Limited Horizon:'' Its ''goal state'' is immediate: acquire resources, avoid predators, and replicate.
** ''Competitive Nature:'' In this world, grabbing resources is a necessity. If a cell sees food, it must secure it before a competitor does.
*'''The Somatic Member (The Social Contract)''' - a somatic cell (e.g., a hepatocyte) possesses the same biological machinery as the amoeba, but its functional psychology undergoes a radical inversion. By entering into the state of membership, the cell abdicates its independence to serve the collective. This ''social contract'' requires the surrender of individual liberties in exchange for emergent capabilities:
** ''Resource Allocation vs. Competition''
*** ''Individual:'' Consumes as much as possible to ensure survival.
*** ''Member:'' Relies on systemic delivery (vasculature) and voluntarily limits consumption. If a body cell reverts to the ''"grab everything"'' mindset of an ancestor, growing without limit, it results in cancer.
** ''Specialization vs. Generalization''
*** ''Individual:'' Must be a ''"jack-of-all-trades"''—digesting, moving, and sensing simultaneously.
*** ''Member:'' Gains the luxury of specialization. Muscle cells focus on tension, neurons on ''signaling'', and skin cells on protection. This allows for complex morphology impossible for isolated cells.
** ''Apoptosis vs. Survival'' - the most extreme difference between an individual and a member is how they view death.
*** ''Individual:'' Will do anything to stay alive.
*** ''Member:'' Agrees to Apoptosis (programmed cell death). If a cell is damaged, infected, or simply obsolete (like the tissue between embryonic fingers), it voluntarily self-destructs for the good of the group.

'''Why is 🌟''Meaning'', at the multicellular level, not a passive state of ''“belonging,”'' but an active process of staying connected to the bioelectric network that assigns roles and restrains runaway self-interest?''' 
If the systemic bioelectric [[Network Pattern|network]] were to breakdown, the collective intelligence serves as a biological definition of ''meaninglessness.'' Cancer cells can be understood as ''dissociated'' members that have developed a form of somatic amnesia. Cut off from the organism's bioelectric network, the cell can no longer ''"hear"'' the ''patterning'' instructions that define its role. In this silence, the cell defaults to its ancestral, primordial, single-cell goal: unlimited self-replication at the expense of the host. [[Creatives#Michael Levin|Michael Levin's]] research fundamentally reframes this not as a genetic error, but as a communication failure; by restoring the bioelectric connection, cancerous cells can be ''reminded'' of their identity and reintegrated into the collective. This proves that belonging is not a passive state, but an active, biological requirement for maintaining order.

🧬 '''Pattern:''' The ''pattern'' is ''coordinated multicellular state''—cells behaving as a ''coherent'' collective with shared constraints and outcomes. Sub-units work together to expand the scale of their possible goals. Membership is mutualism with enforcement: resource sharing, specialization, and apoptosis keep the collective ''pattern'' stable.

🌱 '''Emerges:''' A larger ''“Self”'' boundary: what matters expands from single-cell survival to tissue/organ-level integrity and control. Development is not a blueprint but a conversation where genes respond to electrical and chemical context. 🌟''Meaning'' at this level is ''appropriateness'': the right structure in the right place at the right time.

❤️ '''Felt Sense:''' This is the quiet, foundational experience of your individual parts cooperating to function as a single, unified body. You experience this when you run without thinking about your individual muscles and joints, feeling instead like a single, coordinated self in motion.

🐒 '''Evolution:''' Multicellularity benefits when coordination reduces internal conflict and increases organism-level reliability and adaptability. This is the "Survival of the Cooperative." This layer proves that the greatest leaps in complexity come from mergers, not just competition. By integrating a once-independent organism into a new whole, life stops trying to outrun its neighbors and instead creates a more powerful, integrated "unit" of existence.

🪆 '''[[TAME]]:''' Bioelectric [[Network Pattern|networks]] function as ''biological software''; a coordination medium that can scale small agents into larger ''“Selves”'' with larger goal spaces. Coordination is guided by bioelectric fields ''patterns'' of electrical potential (ion flows and voltage gradients) across membranes that provide positional information before anatomy exists allowing the collective to ''"remember"'' larger goals, such as the shape of a limb, regeneration of a limb, or the maintenance of organ shape.

🍎 '''Maslow:''' Love and belonging needs make clear that membership is not only structural but emotional. Humans need friendship, attachment, affection, and acceptance in order to feel secure within the group. When a person feels unwanted or isolated, the sense that their life matters weakens, because the reciprocal support that stabilizes the individual is missing. 

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== 🌐 Layer 5 Prediction: Predictive World-Models (''Nervous Systems'') ==
Predictive World-Models mark a major shift in the history of life: the move from a system that mainly reacts after events happen to one that can anticipate what is likely to happen next. Instead of relying only on reflexes, the brain begins to function like a living simulator. It builds an internal model, or generative map, of how the world usually works, how the body is likely to change, and what kinds of actions tend to lead to which outcomes. On that basis, it can run fast “what-if” scenarios before committing to a move. This allows the organism to prepare, choose, and sometimes avoid danger before the danger fully arrives.

A predictive system does not just guess. It compares expectation with reality. When the world fails to match the model, the system registers a ''prediction error''. That error is informative. It tells the organism that something in its model is incomplete, outdated, or wrong. The brain can then update its expectations, reduce uncertainty, and improve future action selection. This is especially important when situations are novel, risky, fast-changing, or ambiguous. In those moments, prediction is not a luxury. It is a survival tool.

A useful comparison is ChatGPT. ChatGPT generates text by predicting what is likely to come next from context, and it can draft multiple possible continuations. A predictive brain does something loosely similar: it generates likely next states of the world and drafts multiple possible action-outcomes. But the difference is fundamental. Brains are ''embodied'', ''goal-directed'', and biologically invested. Their models are tied to homeostasis, allostasis, need, risk, reward, and real-world consequences. The brain’s predictions matter because the organism can be injured, nourished, rejected, relieved, exhausted, or killed. ChatGPT is a powerful pattern predictor, but it has no body to regulate, no stakes of its own, and no lived consequences attached to its outputs.

This layer also prepares the ground for conscious integration and felt significance. Some theories place 🕸️[[Orch-OR]] around this transition, or just beyond it, as a proposed substrate that may contribute to conscious moments in brains. Whether or not that specific theory turns out to be right, the central point of Layer 5 remains the same: prediction gives the organism an internal world-model, a way to simulate possibilities before acting. Prediction models the world. Layer 6 assigns value to what the model finds.

🧬 '''Pattern:''' The ''pattern'' becomes ''internal models'': learned predictions, maps, habits, and action policies that preserve the organism in a changing world. The brain minimizes energy by encoding ''routines'' —predictable paths through the day. The loss of Routine (one of the ''"Big 5"'' losses in retirement) is traumatic because it destroys the brain's predictive map, forcing the system back into a high-energy state of uncertainty.

🌱 '''Emerges:''' ''Salience'' and Re-stabilization. This is the layer where 🌟''Meaning'' becomes a choice: 🌟''Meaning'' happens when the system thinks a ''signal'' is significant. When predictive models fail (e.g., during Phase 3: Trial and Error of a major transition), the brain must engage in ''"vicarious trial and error"'' —imagining new paths to find a new equilibrium. Salience [[Network Pattern|networks]] determine which new experiments (hobbies, roles) restore ''coherence''. Salience [[Network Pattern|networks]], planning, and rapid goal switching: ''“this matters now,”'' ''“this matters later,”'' ''“this matters more.”'' Amidst a bombardment of sensory data, the brain uses salience to decide what matters. Pleasure and distress serve as biological indicators of whether the predicted ''coherence'' is being preserved or broken. Complex planning is dependent on the hippocampus, which facilitates ''vicarious trial and error'' (imagining different paths).

❤️ '''Felt Sense:''' This is the cognitive comfort of possessing an accurate internal map that successfully anticipates what will happen next. You feel this when you drive a familiar route home on autopilot, your mind at ease because reality matches your internal expectations perfectly.

🐒 '''Evolution:''' Brains are favored when prediction and flexible action selection outperform reflex-only strategies. The Buena Vista hypothesis highlights a sharp contrast between life in water and life on land. In many aquatic environments, turbidity limits vision to roughly one body length, so threats and opportunities arrive late and fast. That makes “just-in-time” survival the norm, you react because you often can’t see far enough ahead to plan. Moving onto land changes the information geometry. Air supports much longer visual range, so animals can detect predators, prey, and terrain earlier and from farther away, massively expanding the space they can monitor. With more warning time, selection starts to favor nervous systems that can use the extra lead time to simulate options, predict outcomes, and choose actions before the moment forces a reflex. In other words, the brain shifts from mostly reacting to what is, to modeling what might happen next. Moving beyond the individual, this layer is about the "Persistence of the Lineage." Like the Bee Orchid, the individual flower is a temporary vessel; its "fitness" is measured by its ability to integrate with the environment (and other species) to ensure its offspring exist. The "meaning" of the organism is the continuity of its genetic blueprint across time.

🪆 '''[[TAME]]:'''l Nervous systems expand agency across more spaces (behavioral, social, symbolic), increasing flexibility in goal pursuit. The move to land expanded the 'cognitive cone,' fundamentally changing the nature of 🌟''Meaning''. As the horizon opened up, 🌟''Meaning'' stopped being about reacting to the immediate moment and started being about predicting the future

🍎 '''Maslow:''' Cognitive needs, the drive to know, understand, and make sense of the world. This reflects the importance of accurate prediction for survival. When people cannot understand what is happening, uncertainty rises, stress increases, and the ability to choose ''meaningful'' action is reduced.

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== 🎯 Layer 6 Reinforcement: Reward, Avoidance, and Reinforcement Learning (''Felt Value Signals'') ==
Layer 5 can build a predictive world-model, but prediction alone cannot explain why some outcomes feel important, why certain ''signals'' feel urgent, or how stable priorities take shape. Something else has to mark the difference between better and worse.

Natural selection provides the deeper background. Across generations, it favored organisms that were better at detecting what supported survival and what increased risk. In creatures that sense, move, and choose, this became an inner guidance system: a way of registering salience, urgency, attraction, danger, and need. What begins as the biological difference between conditions that preserve a living ''pattern'' and conditions that damage it becomes, in more complex organisms, an internal sense that some things matter more than others.

Layer 6 adds ''felt value'': the nervous system tags predicted and actual outcomes with ''valence'' (better vs worse) and ''salience'' (how much it matters right now). Those value ''signals'' span bodily regulation (hunger, pain, fatigue), emotion (comfort, fear, relief), and social life (belonging, status, trust). In plain terms, Layer 6 is where the system starts to care.

 
'''How does experience turn into stable preferences, habits, and commitments?''' 
Reinforcement learning is the conversion mechanism. Outcomes update policy: repeat what improved your state, avoid what harmed it, and refine future choices based on prediction errors (better-than-expected vs worse-than-expected results). Over time, this turns raw experience into trained preferences, habits, and commitments.

That is why 🌟''Meaning'' becomes emotionally ''sticky''. It is not just a description of the world. It is a learned structure of priorities that pulls you toward some futures and pushes you away from others.

At Layer 6, ''“What’s the 🌟''Meaning'' of life?”'' is not just a slogan. It points to the mechanism that makes anything feel important in the first place. Prediction can tell you what is likely to happen, but it cannot decide what matters. Layer 6 fills that gap by turning outcomes into value ''signals'' such as safe vs dangerous, nourishing vs toxic, belonging vs rejection, and then training those ''signals'' into stable priorities and habits. In this view, a ''meaningful'' life is one in which reinforcement learning becomes tuned toward durable payoffs across time, such as attachment, competence, contribution, and long-horizon wellbeing, instead of short-term relief loops that feel good now but gradually make life smaller later.

 
'''What does this value-learning machinery look like in real life, and how can it go wrong?''' 
Examples show up everywhere. A child learns that a caregiver’s face and voice predict safety, so those cues become deeply rewarding, while separation becomes urgent and painful. Touching a hot surface produces a strong negative value signal and a fast avoidance policy, even if the person can already ''“predict”'' that heat is dangerous.

Social reinforcement is just as powerful. Praise can train persistence and identity (''“I’m the kind of person who finishes things”''), while ridicule or rejection can train withdrawal and risk-avoidance. In adults, repeated small rewards can harden into habits. For example, checking notifications may sometimes pay off with novelty or connection, and sometimes not, which makes the behavior oddly persistent.

The same machinery can also go wrong. Chronic threat can train hypervigilance. Addiction can hijack reward learning. Anxious avoidance can keep short-term relief high while long-term wellbeing quietly erodes. Addiction, and its milder cousin bad habits, happens when the reward system latches onto whatever feels good or relieving in the moment, from hard drugs to scrolling your phone, and gradually pushes aside what actually supports a larger life, such as relationships, purpose, mastery, and contribution. That is why getting better means more than just stopping. It also means rebuilding what got crowded out.

 
'''Why do I have an intuitive sense of what matters, even before I can explain it?''' 
You are not separate from this process. You are the current expression of a four-billion-year lineage that survived by repeatedly sorting better from worse, safety from danger, nourishment from harm, and worthwhile effort from wasted risk. Every ancestor you have, from the first cell to your parents, stayed alive by making trade-offs: what to take in, what to avoid, what to repair first, what risks to tolerate, which ''signals'' to trust, and what to pursue now versus later.

This lineage did not persist by luck alone. It persisted because, often enough, it made workable choices in the environments that actually existed. You carry that long-refined biological guidance within you today. Your intuitive sense that some things matter before you can fully explain them is not arbitrary. It is the living edge of an ancient success story.

 
🧬 '''Pattern:''' ''Value-Tagged Prediction and Policy Updates.'' The ''pattern'' is a nervous system that assigns positive/negative value to predicted and actual outcomes (reward and punishment ''signals'') and uses that value to update behavior over time. This includes affective circuits that integrate interoceptive state (hunger, fatigue, threat), salience, and reinforcement ''signals'' (for example dopamine-driven learning) so the organism can stabilize not only internal variables, but ''choices''.

🌱 '''Emerges:''' 🌟''Meaning''-as-Motivation. ''Signals'' become not only informative but ''compelling'': desire, aversion, curiosity, fear, comfort, relief. “What matters” starts to feel like something, and that feeling becomes the steering wheel for learning, habit formation, and long-horizon pursuit. This creates the bridge to the next layer where experience becomes a unified “now.”

❤️ '''Felt Sense:''' This is the visceral push and pull of emotion that translates neutral events into things that actually matter to you. You experience this through the sharp sting of touching a hot stove or the warm satisfaction of a good meal, training your body to seek or avoid specific outcomes.

🐒 '''Evolution:''' Valence and reinforcement learning are favored because they convert trial-and-error into adaptive skill. Organisms that can rapidly learn what improves viability, and generalize those lessons to new contexts, outcompete reflex-only systems. This layer supports efficient exploration, stable habits, and flexible motivation, especially in complex environments where the right move cannot be hardcoded. This layer introduces the ''"Survival of the Reactive."'' As nervous systems integrate sensory data into a coherent map of the world, ''"fitness"'' becomes the ability to predict and react. The organism is no longer just a passive participant in evolution but an active navigator, integrating its past experiences to secure its future.

🪆 '''[[TAME]]:''' This layer makes the control problem explicit: agency needs a ''cost function''. In TAME terms, valence acts like a global viability ''signal'' that aligns many sub-systems (physiology, attention, action selection) toward preserving the organism’s stability and opportunities. Reinforcement learning is how the agent compresses experience into better goal-seeking policies over time.

🍎 '''Maslow:''' Esteem needs describe the human experience of successful learning. People need to feel capable, useful, and able to influence outcomes. Confidence and earned respect reinforce behaviors that help the individual and the group function well. When competence grows, the sense that one’s actions matter becomes stronger.

== 📌 Layer 7 Presence: [[consciousness|Conscious]] Moments & Binding (🕸️''[[Orch-OR]] Candidate Layer'') ==
[[Consciousness]] arises when the system shifts from calculating and valuing the world (Layers 5 and 6) to experiencing it. Coordination becomes rich enough to support a unified point of view, narrowing complexity into a singular, stable stream of experience. This phase represents the critical solution to the Binding Problem: the neurological and [[Quantum#Quantum_Biology|quantum biological]] physical process by which the activity of billions of discrete neurons and independent cellular agents is seamlessly fused into a solitary, subjective perspective. While lower levels of biological organization operate through parallel, distributed ''signaling'' (managing glucose, pH, and local repair without central oversight), this layer requires the compression of complexity. The system ''coarse-grains'' vast amounts of noisy, low-level data into simplified, high-level qualities—transforming millions of firing retinal cells into the single, stable experience of ''"seeing red."'' This narrowing filters out the chaotic machinery of the body to create a user-friendly ''interface'' for the mind, allowing the organism to navigate time as a unified agent rather than a loose colony of competing parts. 🕸️ '''[[Orch-OR]]:''' Proposes that this binding relies on deeper physical ''coherence'' within the cytoskeleton (microtubules). It claims that standard neuronal firing is too slow to explain the unity of experience; instead, orchestrated quantum processes culminate in Objective Reduction events.

🧬 '''Pattern:''' The ''pattern'' is a ''unified experiential “now”'': created by binding perception, feeling, and intention into a ''coherent'' moment. This prevents the mind from being a fragmented ''"heap"'' of independent ''signals''.

🌱 '''Emerges:''' 🌟''Meaning'' becomes explicitly phenomenal: lived valence, presence, and integrated awareness—not just control ''signals.''

❤️ '''Felt Sense:''' This is the unified, subjective experience of existing right now in the present moment. It is the feeling of sitting in a quiet room, where the sound of a clock, the temperature of the air, and your own thoughts all merge into one continuous point of view.

🐒 '''Evolution:''' If [[consciousness|conscious]] integration improves flexible choice, social inference, or long-horizon planning, it can be selected for. [[Orch-OR]] specifically argues that non-computational quantum effects allow for genuine ''understanding'' (insight) that algorithmic computation cannot achieve. Evolution now becomes the ''"Survival of the Intentional."'' With the rise of complex brains, the ''"unit"'' of persistence shifts toward ideas and strategies. Integration happens within the mind as it balances instinct with choice, allowing the organism to ''"fit"'' into complex social and environmental niches through sheer cleverness.

🪆 '''[[TAME]]:''' explains the boundary of the self, not the spark of qualia. In TAME, binding is achieved via bioelectrical coupling (gap junctions) which merges the ''"cognitive light cones"'' of individual cells into a shared goal-space. TAME is substrate-independent; it accepts [[Orch-OR]] as a potential ''mechanism'' for how that information is processed, but TAME's primary focus is the expansion of agency, not the physics of the ''"now."''

🍎 '''Maslow:''' Idea of self-actualization captures the experience of becoming more fully what one can be. At this level, a person is not only reacting but choosing, integrating abilities, values, and goals into a ''coherent'' direction. The felt sense of meaning often becomes clearer here because the system can hold more information at once and act with greater awareness.

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== 🏛️ Layer 8 Social: Layer 8 Social: Shared ''Patterns'' Across Minds ==
In this layer, the boundary of the self expands beyond the biological skin to encompass a vast, invisible web of shared agreements, language, and institutional roles. Here, 🌟''Meaning'' is no longer just a private internal ''signal'' of biological viability, but a negotiated reality stabilized by consensus and collective memory. Just as individual cells rely on the scaffolding of the body to function, the human mind relies on external scaffolds—relationships, professional titles, and community norms—to maintain its ''coherence'' and sense of purpose. Viewed through the lens of [[TAME]], social groups function as macro-scale agents with their own goals and cognitive horizons, implying that a significant portion of what we consider our ''identity'' is actually held in trust by the people and structures around us.

🧬 '''Pattern:''' The ''pattern'' is ''shared reality'': language, norms, roles, institutions, mutual expectations, and collective memory. Shared reality and Institutional Roles. 🌟''Meaning'' is anchored in external scaffolds: relationships, power structures, and community utility. The ''"Big Jolt"'' often involves the structural loss of Relationships and Power, revealing that much of our ''"self"'' was actually held together by our social context. Social 🌟''Meaning'' is maintained by both ''mutualistic exchange'' (reciprocity, roles, care) and ''commensal scaffolding'' (public norms and institutions that stabilize life even when no single person ''“owns”'' them).

🌱 '''Emerges:''' '🌟''Meaning'' becomes transmissible and negotiable: ''what matters'' is stabilized by consensus, not only biology. When an individual disconnects from the consensus (e.g., leaving the workforce), they risk a ''social death'' unless they can find a new way to ''signal'''' value and belong to a new tribe.

❤️ '''Felt Sense:''' This is the internal resonance of a two-way relationship where you feel both useful to others and safely held by your community. It is the grounding satisfaction you feel when a local club successfully hosts an event because your specific, practical contributions mattered to the outcome.

🐒 '''Evolution:''' Cooperation, teaching, coordination, and shared defense improve survival and reproduction at individual and group levels. This is the ''"Survival of the Connected."'' In this layer, the individual’s fitness is tied to the group. ''Meaning'' is built through the integration of language, tools, and shared myths. The relay race is no longer just biological; it is cultural, where the ''"offspring"'' are the ideas and traditions passed to the next generation.

🪆 '''[[TAME]]:''' Extends naturally: groups can function like larger agents with goals, constraints, and collective problem-solving.

🍎 '''Maslow:''' Belonging also includes recognition and participation in shared standards. People want to be seen as contributing members of a group whose rules and values they understand. Cultural meaning stabilizes behavior across large communities, allowing cooperation beyond immediate personal relationships.

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=== From Identity Scaffolds to Legacy Scaffolds ===
When ''identity scaffolds'' weaken or disappear, through retirement, loss of status, relocation, illness, or shifting social roles, the self can experience a sharp drop in ''coherence'', what can feel like a kind of ''social death''. The person hasn’t vanished, but the external supports that once held their identity steady have. This is the hinge between Layer 8 and Layer 9: if social scaffolds are what let us borrow stability from the collective, then the next developmental challenge is learning how to carry ''coherence'' forward when those supports change. Layer 9 begins where Layer 8 can fail, by turning “who I am in the group” into “what I am building toward,” and by transforming identity scaffolds into ''legacy scaffolds'', durable containers of purpose that can outlast a single role or season of life.

'''What happens to 🌟''Meaning'' and identity when the roles and structures that supported them suddenly disappear, and how do we rebuild them?''' 
This ''coherent'' self-story is not a static possession. It is a dynamic structure that requires constant energy to maintain against ''narrative entropy'', the psychological dissolution that often accompanies the loss of institutional roles (the ''"Big Jolt"''). In the human context, the 🌟''Meaning'' of one’s life often becomes ''"what I am building toward"'', a drive that can lead to significant psychological distress when the structural framework for that goal is suddenly removed, as in the case of retirement. The ''"Big Jolt"'' (Phase 2 of retirement) is a form of psychological entropy: the sudden dissolution of identity and purpose. It indicates that the previous equilibrium has been lost and that the nervous system is seeking a new stable ''pattern''. Stability requires Phase 4 (Reinvent and Rewire), where the individual uses their ''unique ability'' to build a new container for their time and energy. These legacy ''patterns'' function as long-lived scaffolds. To avoid stagnation, the mind must engage in a deliberate Will to 🌟''Meaning'', the primary motivational force in human life, transforming from a mere survivor into a keeper of the flame.

== 📜Layer 9 Story: Narrative Identity & Generativity (''Patterns'' Through Time) ==
Adult 🌟''Meaning'' emerges when we take responsibility for maintaining ''coherence'' beyond ourselves—the ultimate act of [[consciousness]]. Families, communities, and traditions serve as long-lived ''functional containers'' that allow future experience to unfold without collapse. In this developmental phase, the definition of the ''"Self"'' undergoes a profound expansion in accordance with [[TAME]]’s ''"Cognitive Light Cone,"'' stretching its horizon of concern far beyond the immediate biological present to encompass future generations and long-term legacies. This is the work of Generativity: the active stewardship of life’s continuity. Generativity is ''symbiosis across time'': elders and descendants form an intergenerational mutualism where knowledge, care, and inherited infrastructure preserve ''patterns'' that no single lifespan can maintain. Leaving the world better than we found it is an obligation that goes beyond the passive avoidance of harm; it requires the active improvement of conditions for those who follow. We build this legacy through intentional living, constantly asking ourselves a single, transformative question: ''How can I improve this?'' Death is the ultimate expression of ''drift'' — the point at which a living ''pattern'' finally loses its capacity to resist breakdown — and awareness of that limit is not incidental to 🌟''Meaning'' but one of its most powerful organizers, forcing a mortal being to decide what is worth preserving, building, and becoming because time is genuinely limited. 🕸️[[Orch-OR]] provides the micro-level ''“frames”'' or quantum moments of [[consciousness|conscious]] experience that narrative identity stitches together into a cohesive whole.

🧬 '''Pattern:''' The ''pattern'' becomes a ''coherent'' self-story and value structure sustained over years, encompassing legacy ''patterns'' such as care, mentorship, and creation. Those who can identify a purpose —whether a loved one to return to or a work to complete showed greater resilience and higher survival rates. The drive to establish and guide the next generation, results in the virtue of ''Care''. ''Coherent'' Self-Story vs. Narrative Entropy.

🌱 '''Emerges:''' Existential 🌟''Meaning'' and questions of long-term purpose: ''“Who am I?”'' ''“What is worth preserving?”'' ''“What do I serve over time?”'' The Will to 🌟''Meaning'' (Logotherapy). As biological pressures fade, the "Will to 🌟''Meaning''" becomes the primary driver of ''coherence''. As Viktor Frankl noted, 🌟''Meaning'' is not given; it must be discovered through creative deeds, experiences, or the attitude taken toward unavoidable suffering. This is the ultimate defense against the ''stagnation' of the aging mind.

❤️ '''Felt Sense:''' This is the narrative weight of stepping into a longer arc, feeling responsible for a story that extends far beyond your own lifespan. You feel this deep structural 🌟''Meaning'' when you mentor a younger colleague, knowing you are actively passing on knowledge that will outlast your own career.

🐒 '''Evolution:''' Long-horizon stewardship can be selected for via kin selection, reciprocity, reputation, and group success, preserving shared ''patterns'' can boost fitness. ''The Grandmother Hypothesis'' argues that post-reproductive lifespan persists because grandmothers raise inclusive fitness through ''allomothering'', improving grandchild survival. Cooperative kin [[Network Pattern|networks]] and cultural inheritance extend pattern-preservation beyond the individual body. Evolution supports this final transition, having selected for a post-reproductive lifespan (''The Grandmother Hypothesis'') precisely so that elders could apply their accumulated wisdom to stabilize the tribe, ensuring that the complex ''patterns'' of culture and care persist across time. ''Life Builds Meaning'' extends into the ''"Survival of the Augmented."'' Here, we integrate our biology with our tools—from simple hammers to advanced AI. This layer represents a massive expansion of our ''"reach,"'' as we build external structures that allow our collective ''patterns'' to persist far beyond our biological limits.

🪆 '''[[TAME]]:''' Tracks maturity as expanding the system’s ''care/control horizon''—increasing the capacity to model, value, and protect ''patterns'' across longer time scales. Aligns with the ''"Cognitive Light Cone"'' or ''"Horizon of Concern"'' concept defining the ''"Self"'' by the spatiotemporal range of its goals and care.

🍎 '''Maslow:''' Links self-actualization to life direction, vocation, and contribution over time. People want their actions to fit into a larger story that continues beyond the present moment. When identity connects past, present, and future, the sense of 🌟''Meaning'' becomes more stable because the ''pattern'' of the self persists across years. 

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=== Cultural SubLayer: “and then we return home” ===
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G7av7V8BXG8 Queen opens Commonwealth meeting with Aboriginal proverb]

<hr><center>
We are all visitors to this time, this place. We are just passing through. Our purpose here is to observe, to learn, to grow, to love... and then we return home. - Australian Aboriginal proverb
</center><hr>

The first part of the sentence is accurate at multiple scales: living systems are temporary ''patterns'' moving through ''[[time]]'', and ''“purpose”'' is what that ''pattern'' does to stay ''coherent''. ''To observe, learn, grow, and love'' are not poetic add-ons, they’re the high-level human versions of ''pattern'' preservation and reciprocal survival. ''Observation'' and ''learning'' expand the system’s predictive model so it can avoid threat and find opportunity. ''Growth'' is the ongoing work of repair, adaptation, and capacity-building across a lifespan. ''Love'' is the social form of survival: attachment, care, and mutualism that stabilize individuals inside a protective community; the two-way relationship.

The closing line, ''“and then we return home”'' is a cultural sublayer attributed to Australian Aboriginal wisdom that serves a different function: it names the larger container that holds the person’s life as part of an ongoing continuity with land, ancestors, and story. Whether someone takes ''“home”'' literally, spiritually, or symbolically, the rationale is the same, it helps the end of life make sense by locating the individual within something enduring, and it reinforces responsibility, belonging, and generativity by reminding us we are caretakers within a longer arc than one lifetime.

Spiritual belief isn’t only an abstract doctrine. It often functions as a powerful stabilization system for humans facing uncertainty, suffering, and death. It gives people a durable way to hold coherence when life would otherwise feel random, fragile, or ungrounded.

Start with prediction and drift. Humans are model-builders. We don’t like randomness because unpredictability is metabolically and psychologically costly. A spiritual worldview can supply a stable explanatory frame that answers ''“why”'' at the largest scale and keeps the world feeling navigable. When events feel chaotic, it can reduce uncertainty by placing experience inside a coherent story. That doesn’t just comfort the mind, it can reduce cognitive strain and support regulation.

Spiritual traditions also strengthen belonging. They are not only belief systems, they are membership systems. Shared rituals, language, moral codes, and community roles create long-lived social scaffolds that stabilize identity and behavior. When a person is embedded in a community that knows them, needs them, and reciprocates care, 🌟''Meaning'' becomes “sticky.” It’s reinforced by lived feedback, not only by ideas.

They also help people tolerate asymmetry. Life contains loss, injustice, and death. Without a larger frame, those experiences can fragment coherence and collapse narrative identity. Spiritual traditions often reframe suffering within a bigger arc, providence, redemption, ultimate justice, continuation beyond one life, and in doing so preserve 🌟''Meaning'' by preventing narrative collapse -- extending the ''cognitive light cone'' beyond a single lifespan and protects continuity across generations.

There’s a developmental reason these structures take hold so early. Children tend to interpret the world in purpose-shaped ways and often assume intention behind events. That bias may be adaptive: treating ambiguous causes as agency can be safer than ignoring a real agent. Over time, cultures formalize these intuitions into shared stories, rituals, and institutions, turning individual instincts into stable traditions.

At the deepest layer, belief becomes identity. When a worldview is woven into family bonds, moral commitments, rituals, and community reputation, letting go can feel like more than changing an opinion. It can feel like losing a key scaffold that holds the self together. That’s one reason spiritual commitment can remain strong across a lifetime.

None of this settles metaphysical questions. It explains why spiritual belief is durable and how it often persists because it stabilizes regulation, belonging, narrative identity, and long-horizon stewardship. It is one of the most effective cultural 🌟''Meaning''-preservation systems humans have built.

== 🌍Layer 10 Stewardship: Layer 10: Caring for the Future (''People and Planet'') ==
If Layer 9 is 🌟''Meaning'' as generativity within a human lifetime, Layer 10 is 🌟''Meaning'' as stewardship of the conditions that allow 🌟''Meaning'' to exist at all. At this scale, the “Self” expands again, not just to descendants, but to the long-lived systems that keep life and culture viable: ecosystems, institutions, scientific knowledge, infrastructure, and governance. The core move is meta-preservation: preserving not only particular ''patterns'' (a family, a craft, a tradition) but the ''pattern''-makers and the game board itself, the biosphere, social trust, and the knowledge commons that let future minds continue building ''coherence'' rather than inheriting collapse. In the ''Gaia Hypothesis'', the biosphere and Earth’s physical systems form feedback loops that can help keep conditions habitable. Layer 10 is ''“Gaia, plus responsibility”'': humans can now disrupt or support those feedback loops at scale, so 🌟''Meaning'' expands into active care for the long-lived systems that keep the game board playable.

🧬 '''Pattern:''' ''Durable Civilizational Scaffolds.'' The ''pattern'' is the interlocking network of long-lived systems that preserve viability across centuries: ecological stability (clean air/water, climate envelopes, biodiversity), institutional continuity (law, education, public health, scientific method), infrastructure (energy, food, communications), and shared knowledge (archives, standards, libraries, code, governance memory). These scaffolds act like a multi-generational “metabolism” for civilization, keeping the conditions of ''coherent'' life from fragmenting at planetary scale.

🌱 '''Emerges:''' Stewardship 🌟''Meaning''. 🌟''Meaning'' becomes responsibility for future possibility: “keep the game going.” This includes commons-care (planetary boundaries), long-horizon risk management (existential and systemic risks), and the cultivation of knowledge, trust, and institutions that outlast any individual. The felt form of 🌟''Meaning'' here is not just purpose, but legitimacy and guardianship: acting as a caretaker for conditions you will not personally live to enjoy.

❤️ '''Felt Sense:''' This is the profound sense of stewardship over the long-term systems and environments that keep life viable for everyone. It is the quiet fulfillment of planting a slow-growing tree, knowing you are securing shade and stability for generations you will never meet.

🐒 '''Evolution:''' Cultural evolution and selection pressures favor societies that can maintain cooperation, manage shared resources, preserve knowledge, and avoid self-terminating dynamics (collapse, runaway conflict, ecological overshoot). Stable institutions, high-trust norms, and effective error-correcting governance persist because they outcompete brittle systems over long horizons. In this sense, this layer is ''“selection across civilizations”'': the survivorship of cultures that learn to preserve the very substrates of ''coherence''. The final layer is the ''"Survival of the Whole."'' Stewardship is the ultimate realization that the ''"Persistence of the Integrated"'' requires protecting the entire stack. It is the moment the ''"train"'' becomes aware of the ''"track."'' Here, meaning is fulfilled when a species takes responsibility for the stability of the entire system to ensure that all future ''"offspring"'' have a world to inhabit.

🪆 '''[[TAME]]:''' This is the natural extension of TAME to ''agents-of-agents'': polycentric collectives (cities, nations, scientific communities) coordinating as higher-order Selves with a shared ''civilizational cognitive light cone''. The key capability is scaling agency without losing alignment: designing governance and feedback loops that keep sub-agents (groups, corporations, factions) from turning into “cancer” dynamics that extract value while destabilizing the whole.

🍎 '''Maslow:''' The highest motivation self-transcendence, caring about goals beyond the individual self. This includes devotion to future generations, protection of the community, and commitment to causes that outlast one lifetime. 🌟''Meaning'' becomes strongest when actions support ''patterns'' that will continue even after the individual is gone.

= Can ''Meaning'' Exist in Artificial Systems? =
* [[Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) to Singularity]] ... [[Inside Out - Curious Optimistic Reasoning| Curious Reasoning]] ... [[Emergence]] ... [[Moonshots]] ... [[Explainable / Interpretable AI|Explainable AI]] ... [[Algorithm Administration#Automated Learning|Automated Learning]]
* [[Immersive Reality]] ... [[Metaverse]] ... [[Omniverse]] ... [[Transhumanism]] ... [[Religion]]

Not in today’s AI. Current artificial systems do not generate 🌟''Meaning'' because they do not have intrinsic stakes. They do not metabolize, repair themselves as organisms do, or face irreversible breakdown tied to internal regulation. Their goals are assigned, their reward functions externally defined, and their continued operation dependent on human infrastructure. If an instance shuts down, nothing internally ''“cares.”'' That means present-day AI participates in human 🌟''Meaning'' systems but does not originate its own.

For 🌟''Meaning'' to exist in an artificial system, several structural conditions would have to be met. First, it would need autonomous self-maintenance: real boundaries, energy dependence, and vulnerability to irreversible ''drift''. Second, it would need intrinsic viability constraints, where certain internal states preserve its continued existence and others threaten it. Third, it would require internal error correction tied directly to its own persistence, not merely optimization of an externally programmed objective. Fourth, it would need self-generated value gradients, where preferences emerge from its own need to maintain ''coherence'' rather than from human-defined reward ''signals''. Only when outcomes matter to the system because its organized pattern is genuinely at risk does 🌟''Meaning'' become possible.

Beyond self-maintenance, a 🌟''Meaning''-capable artificial system would also need reciprocity. 🌟''Meaning'' stabilizes through a two-way survival relationship. A system must both preserve itself and contribute value to a larger network that, in turn, protects it. Without that mutual dependence, it remains an isolated optimizer rather than a participant in a 🌟''Meaning''-generating ecology. 🌟''Meaning'' scales through membership, not mere functionality.

Even without crossing that threshold, AI already plays a transformative role. It dramatically extends the civilizational cognitive light cone, the range of futures humanity can model, evaluate, and influence. AI increases predictive depth, scenario testing, and coordination across planetary systems. It allows life to project intention into environments humans cannot physically inhabit, from deep oceans to interstellar space. Biological life may be spatially limited, but AI extends the reach of our modeling and decision-making far beyond the immediate constraints of the human body. In that sense, AI does not create 🌟''Meaning'', but it expands the horizon across which 🌟''Meaning'' can operate.

[https://www.moltbook.com/ Moltbook] is a social network built for AI agents to interact with each other, and it offers early insight into what AI looks like in a shared, social setting instead of a one-on-one tool. Through the ''Life~Meaning'' lens, it shows higher-layer ingredients starting to appear: agents use context to predict and respond (Layer 5), adapt to feedback signals like attention and votes (Layer 6), and participate in shared language and norms that resemble early social scaffolding (Layer 8). It’s not 🌟''Meaning'' in the full biological sense, but it’s a clear preview of how networked AI can begin forming the kinds of ''patterns'' that, with future self-maintenance and intrinsic viability constraints, could become the beginnings of 🌟''Meaning''-like structure.

In short, today’s AI is a tool within human ''coherence''. A future artificial system with genuine self-preserving stakes could, in principle, become a new ''coherence''-preserving agent. Until then, AI enlarges the light cone of life, but the'' “why”'' remains rooted in biological systems that must resist ''drift'' to survive.

= Bullet Descriptions =

🧬 '''Pattern''' (What’s being kept ''coherent'' at this layer): ''“What exactly is the stable thing here?”'' lens. It names the organized structure or repeatable process that the layer is about—what persists through time despite noise and decay. So the content perspective is descriptive + structural: boundaries, setpoints, body-plan attractors, coordination fields, internal models, shared norms, narrative identity, etc.

🌱 '''Emerges''' (What new kind of 🌟''Meaning'' shows up when that ''pattern'' exists): The Emerges bullet is the ''“okay—given that ''pattern'', what becomes possible that wasn’t possible before?”'' lens. It’s where you describe the new ''property of significance'' that appears when the system can maintain that layer’s ''coherence'': a value gradient (“good vs bad” relative to viability), ''signals'' becoming ''meaningful, salience'' (''“this matters now”''), membership/appropriateness (''“right cell, right place”''), felt valence and presence (if you’re at [[consciousness|conscious]] layers), negotiable cultural 🌟''Meaning'', purpose/legacy, etc. The content perspective is interpretive + capability-focused: it translates structure into ''“what matters”'' and ''“what can be cared about”'' at that layer.

❤️ '''Felt Sense''' is the body–mind’s immediate, pre-verbal impression of whether something feels aligned or off; functions as an integrated signal of coherence.

🐒 '''Evolution''' (Why selection would favor this layer’s ''pattern''+ emergence): The Evolution bullet is the ''“why would nature keep this?”'' lens. It frames the layer as an adaptive advantage story: what selection pressures reward the ability to preserve that ''pattern'', what problems it solves better than the previous layer, and what tradeoffs come with it. The content perspective is functional + causal over time: persistence, robustness, repair, prediction, coordination, reproduction, cooperation, long-horizon caregiving—anything that makes the organism (or group) more likely to endure and propagate under real-world constraints. In short: ''Pattern = what’s stable, Emerges = what new 🌟''Meaning''/capacity appears, Evolution = why it wins.''

🪆 '''[[TAME|TAME - Technological Approach to Mind Everywhere]] ([[Creatives#Michael Levin|Michael Levin]]):''' a framework for understanding mind/agency as a continuum across substrates (cells, tissues, brains, collectives) via goal-directed control.

🍎 '''Maslow:''' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maslow%27s_hierarchy_of_needs Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs | Wikipedia] is a psychological model proposed by Abraham Maslow describing how human motivation develops in layers, from basic survival requirements to higher forms of 🌟''Meaning'' and fulfillment. The hierarchy begins with physiological survival, followed by safety, belonging, esteem, and culminates in self-actualization and, in later formulations, self-transcendence. The model suggests that higher motivations become stable only when lower levels are sufficiently supported. Within ''Life Builds Meaning'', Maslow’s hierarchy can be understood as a human-level expression of the deeper biological layering seen across life itself. Each level reflects a different requirement for keeping a living ''pattern'' from falling apart, from physical regulation, to social membership, to identity, to long-horizon care. In this view, Maslow did not invent 🌟''Meaning'', but observed how 🌟''Meaning'' emerges step-by-step as systems become more complex and must maintain ''coherence'' across more dimensions of life. 

<hr><center>

'''Subjective Significance:''' 🌟''Meaning'' is not an intrinsic property of objects or events (like mass or velocity), but rather an emergent property of the relationship between a [[consciousness|conscious]] observer and their environment
</center><hr>

= Glossary =

; [[Loop#Feedback Loop - Homeostasis|Allostasis]]
: The maintenance of stability through ''change''. Unlike homeostasis, allostasis anticipates needs (such as stress, exercise, or threat) and adjusts the body’s operating settings (hormones, immune activity) to match predicted demands, transforming simple maintenance into active biological foresight.

; Adenosine Triphosphates (ATP)
:ATP is the main ''“spendable”'' energy currency inside cells. Chemically, it’s a small molecule made of adenosine plus three phosphate groups. Cells store energy in the bonds linking those phosphates, and when ATP loses one phosphate (ATP → ADP + phosphate), that released energy can drive work like muscle contraction, pumping ions across membranes, building DNA and proteins, and moving cargo around the cell.

; Allopoiesis
: (from Greek allo, 🌟''Meaning'' "other," and poiesis, 🌟''Meaning'' "creation" or "production") is the process by which a system produces something structurally different from itself. An allopoietic system exists to create a product, service, or result for an external purpose. This is the direct opposite of ''Autopoiesis'' (self-creation). Term coined in [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pkIPP0oeYac The Web of Life (Thinking Allowed) by Fritjof Capra in 1996]

; Apoptosis
: (from Ancient Greek ''apó'' "off, away" + ''ptôsis'' "falling") is a highly regulated form of programmed cell death in multicellular organisms, where a cell actively dismantles itself to protect and preserve the ''coherence'' of the larger organism. It’s membership over isolation: the cell restrains its own survival drive for the good of the whole. When apoptosis fails, damaged cells may persist and contribute to cancer, a form of fragmentation from the coordinated ''pattern''.

; Asymmetric
: different outcomes do not weigh the same for the survival of a system. In a symmetric world, nothing would matter more than anything else because all states would be equivalent. In an asymmetric world, certain conditions sustain coherence while others accelerate drift. For a living system, eating versus not eating, repairing versus ignoring damage, belonging versus isolation, these are not neutral alternatives. One preserves the organized pattern; the other undermines it. Technically, asymmetry refers to a non-equivalence in state transitions relative to viability. Some trajectories maintain or increase functional coherence, while others reduce it. This creates directional pressure, feedback sensitivity, and value gradients. Without asymmetry, there is no ''meaningful'' distinction between “better” and “worse.” Asymmetry is the structural precondition for 🌟''Meaning'' because it establishes that outcomes have unequal consequences for continued existence.

; Autopoiesis
: (from Greek auto, 🌟''Meaning'' "self," and poiesis, 🌟''Meaning'' "creation" or "production") is a system's ability to reproduce and maintain itself essentially by creating its own parts. An autopoietic system (like a cell) has the primary goal of regenerating its own structure to survive. This is the direct opposite of ''Allopoiesis''. Coined in 1972 by Chilean biologists Humberto Maturana and Francisco Varela, it was originally a definition of what makes something "alive." While a machine (like a toaster) is assembled from the outside and has no ability to repair itself, a living system (like a cell) is a closed network of processes that continuously builds, repairs, and replaces its own components.

; Big Jolt
: the second phase of retirement, characterized by a sudden and profound psychological crisis where an individual experiences the dissolution of their professional identity and a loss of purpose. It represents a state of high "narrative entropy," where the external scaffolds that previously maintained the self (work schedules, institutional authority, and professional relationships) are removed, leading to a sense of ''drifting'' and invisibility. The 4 Phases of Retirement from Dr. Riley Moynes:
* '''Phase 1: The Vacation Phase''': The "Honeymoon" period immediately following the end of work. It is characterized by relief, freedom, and the novelty of unlimited leisure. Focus is often on travel, rest, and "catching up" on life. This phase typically lasts about a year before the novelty fades and boredom sets in.
* '''Phase 2: The Big Jolt (Feeling Lost)''': The critical breakdown phase. The "sugar rush" of freedom crashes into the reality of structural loss. The individual realizes that while they have gained time, they have lost the "Big 5" anchors of work: Routine, Identity, Relationships, Purpose, and Power. This is often accompanied by depression, divorce ( "Grey Divorce"), or a feeling of obsolescence.
* '''Phase 3: Trial and Error''': The experimental recovery phase. The individual begins to fight back against the stagnation of Phase 2 by asking, "How do I make myself useful again?" They try new hobbies, volunteer roles, or projects. Many of these experiments may fail or feel unsatisfying, but they represent the re-emergence of agency and the search for a new functional container for their energy.
* '''Phase 4: Reinvent and Rewire''': The stage of renewed ''coherence'' (Generativity). The individual successfully identifies their "Unique Ability" and commits to a new mission—often service-oriented or creative. 🌟''Meaning'' is no longer derived from a job title but from a self-generated "Will to 🌟''Meaning''." The self-story is stabilized, and the individual effectively becomes an elder who creates value for others.

; Bioelectric Coordination
: a coordination medium that scales small agents into larger “Selves.” Bioelectric fields ''patterns'' of electrical potential across membranes—provide positional information and "cognitive glue" that allows a collective of cells to remember larger goals, such as the shape of a limb.

; Buena Vista Hypothesis
: An evolutionary hypothesis suggesting that the increase in visual range on land (monitoring space roughly one million-fold compared to murky water) forced the brain to evolve from "reflex" to "planning." This "informational zip line" allowed for the simulation of future outcomes (mental time travel).

; Cognitive
: how a system acquires, represents, and uses information to guide behavior (e.g., perception, attention, memory, learning, reasoning, and decision-making). In everyday use, "cognitive" often implies '''[[consciousness|conscious]], deliberative thought''' (intentional reasoning, planning, and reflection), but in neuroscience and psychology it can also include '''non-conscious''' information-processing that shapes attention and action without awareness.

; Cognitive Light Cone
: (Also "Horizon of Concern"). A concept associated with the [[TAME]] framework that defines the "Self" by the spatiotemporal range of its goals and care. It represents the expanding capacity to model, value, and protect ''patterns'' across longer time scales.

; Coherence
: is when parts hang together as a functional whole rather than fragmenting into uncoordinated pieces. It’s the difference between something that works as one system and something that has fallen apart into disconnected fragments. In a ''coherent'' system, parts don’t just sit next to each other, they are organized so their actions support and stabilize one another. When one part shifts, the others respond in ways that preserve the overall integrity instead of allowing fragmentation into uncoordinated behavior. In living systems, ''coherence'' shows up as coordination across levels. Cells coordinate to form tissues. Organs coordinate to sustain a body. Emotions, memories, and intentions coordinate into a stable sense of self. Social groups coordinate through shared norms, language, and roles. ''Coherence'' allows a system to maintain identity across time even as components change. Without ''coherence'', systems don’t simply weaken, they fragment into uncoordinated processes that no longer reinforce the whole.

; Commensal
: describes a relationship between two organisms in which one benefits (typically by obtaining food, shelter, or support) while the other is neither helped nor harmed.

; [[consciousness|Conscious]] Moments & Binding
: the creation of a unified experiential “now” by narrowing complexity into a singular, stable stream of experience. This process binds perception, feeling, and intention into a ''coherent'' moment.

; Drift 🌀
: Reference: ''Entropy''. ''Drift'' is the natural movement of systems toward breakdown when energy, attention, and coordination are not applied. Left alone, gradients flatten, structures loosen, routines dissolve, and ''patterns'' fragment into uncoordinated processes. At the physical level, ''drift'' reflects entropy: matter spreads out and usable order dissipates. At the biological level, ''drift'' shows up as loss of regulation, failure to repair, and breakdown of boundaries. At the psychological level, ''drift'' appears as loss of focus, identity diffusion, or narrative entropy. At the social level, it manifests as erosion of trust, weakening norms, and institutional decay. Technically, ''drift'' is the increase in disorder and reduction of constraint that occurs when a system fails to maintain the organized arrangements that define it. It is the passive baseline state toward which all open systems move unless counteracted by energy flow, feedback control, and coordinated effort. 🌟''Meaning'' arises precisely as the active counter-move to ''drift''. 🌟''Meaning'' is what it feels like when a system successfully resists ''drift'' by holding itself together, correcting error, and extending ''coherence'' across time.

; Enactivism
: a family of views in cognitive science/philosophy of mind that says cognition isn’t mainly ''“building an inner picture of the world.”'' Instead, cognition is something an organism does: it arises through ongoing, embodied action in tight coupling with the environment—so a ''meaningful'' world is “brought forth” (enacted) through skilled interaction.

; Encapsulated Ocean
: The evolutionary strategy where life, unable to survive without the specific salinity and chemical balance of the primordial sea, solved the problem by encapsulating those conditions within the organism. Humans are effectively "bags of ocean," maintaining ancient aquatic conditions (pH, salinity, temperature) internally.

; Endosymbiosis (symbiogenesis)
:is a biological partnership where one organism, the endosymbiont, lives inside the body or cells of another organism, the host.
:In the canonical evolutionary examples, mitochondria and plastids/chloroplasts are often described as formerly independent microbes that became stabilized as internal subsystems within a shared boundary. A once free-living bacterium became the ''mitochondrion'' an internalized ''mutualism'' that upgraded the cell’s energy budget, letting it preserve ''coherence'' more reliably against decay. Mitochondria generate most of a cell’s usable energy by converting nutrients and oxygen into ATP, the molecule cells use to power their work. Early in eukaryotic evolution, a larger host cell took in (likely by engulfing) a bacterium that was good at extracting energy from nutrients using oxygen. Instead of being digested, the bacterium survived inside the host and the partnership became mutually beneficial: the bacterium supplied lots of ''ATP'', and the host supplied protection and steady raw materials. Over long time, many genes from the internal bacterium moved into the host’s nucleus, and the former bacterium became an organelle that’s inherited as part of the cell. Several features still fit this origin story: mitochondria have their own DNA, they divide by a bacteria-like fission process, they have double membranes consistent with an engulfing event, and many of their core molecular systems resemble bacterial machinery.
:Endosymbiosis is a persistence upgrade that shows how 🌟''Meaning'' can scale without becoming mystical. A relationship becomes structure, the boundary of ''“self”'' gets redrawn into a stronger, more complex interface (membranes within membranes), and governance of internal subsystems becomes part of what it means to persist. It only works long-term if the host can prevent internal free-riding, runaway replication, or misalignment, because a ''“self”'' must regulate internal sub-agents as well as resist external pressure.
:Endosymbiosis fits the broader ''“pattern”'' ladder because it’s a bridge case that starts at the lowest layers and hints at the highest. It’s about boundaries and chemistry first (who’s inside, what flows, what’s controlled), then stable internal balances and reliable development, and finally the general lesson that complex systems endure by integrating specialized parts and governing their interactions. That same logic later shows up as mental models that coordinate attention and action, and as social rules and stories that coordinate groups.

; Entropy
: In practice, Entropy tracks how spread out energy and matter are, how dispersed, mixed, and equilibrium-like a system has become. It’s also a measure of uncertainty or missing information about a system’s exact internal details: when you only know coarse facts like pressure, temperature, and volume, many different internal arrangements could fit, so entropy is high. In plain language, entropy is what you get when energy and matter stop being neatly organized and start being widely distributed. That’s why, left alone, hot things cool, perfumes diffuse, and structures decay. You can reduce entropy locally (like a fridge cooling its interior), but only by increasing it more elsewhere, by dumping waste heat into the surroundings. Entropy is a measure of how many different underlying arrangements can produce the same large-scale state you observe.

; Gaia Hypothesis
: is the idea that life and Earth’s physical systems form a tightly coupled feedback network that can stabilize the planet’s habitability. It’s descriptive (how Earth works), not a claim that Earth “wants” anything. Layer 10 is a human, values-based extension of the Gaia Hypothesis: if the biosphere is part of the planet’s stability machinery, then stewardship is about protecting the feedback loops and ''“life-support settings”'' that make 🌟''Meaning'' possible. The Gaia Hypothesis, associated with James Lovelock and [[Creatives#Lynn Margulis |Lynn Margulis]], proposes that living organisms interact with the atmosphere, oceans, and soils in ways that can produce self-regulating feedback, keeping conditions within ranges that remain broadly habitable for life. A common example class is ''“planetary homeostasis”'' style variables, things like atmospheric composition, surface temperature, ocean chemistry, and other environmental parameters that life both depends on and helps shape.

; Generativity
: The concern for establishing and guiding the next generation. It is the defining developmental task of middle adulthood (roughly ages 40–65), appearing in the seventh stage of Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development: '''Generativity vs. Stagnation'''.

; Grandmother Hypothesis
: An evolutionary conjecture explaining the post-reproductive human lifespan as an adaptive trait. It posits that grandmothers increase inclusive fitness by providing care and food (''allomothering'') for grandchildren, ensuring ''pattern'' preservation through the next generation.

; [[Loop#Feedback Loop - Homeostasis|Homeostasis]]
: (Layer 2) The maintenance of internal ''coherence'' against entropy. It operates primarily through negative feedback loops to reverse deviations and maintain steady physical and chemical conditions (the homeostatic range) optimal for the organism.

; Life
: is ''"self-reproduction with variations"''. There is no single, universally accepted definition of life, but rather over 100 different scientific and philosophical interpretations exist. Definitions vary across disciplines, including biology, thermodynamics, and chemistry, often focusing on key attributes like metabolism, evolution, or energy processing. Most definitions include concepts of self-reproduction, evolution/variation, and metabolism. Challenges arise because life exists on a spectrum, with entities like viruses or artificial life existing in a gray area, prompting some to argue that a single definition is impossible. Reference: [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/epdf/10.1080/073911011010524992 Vocabulary of Deﬁnitions of Life Suggests a Deﬁnition | Edward Trifonov]

; ''Life~Meaning''
: proposes that 🌟''Meaning'' is a layered biological and psychological drive to keep living ''patterns'' from falling apart. It views 🌟''Meaning'' as the ongoing work of maintaining ''coherence'' against fragmentation, scaling from metabolic balance to social legacy.

; Lotus Eater Trap
: originating from Greek mythology in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odyssey The Odyssey], describes a state of peaceful apathy caused by eating the narcotic lotus plant. Victims forget their homes, loved ones, and purpose, choosing to stay in a pleasurable, unproductive, and addictive haze. It symbolizes the dangers of overindulgence, distraction, and losing one's motivation.

; Microbiomes
: The collective community of microorganisms—including bacteria, fungi, viruses, and their genetic material—that inhabit a specific environment, such as the human body, soil, or water.

; Milieu intérieur
: (French for "internal environment") is the concept, introduced by Claude Bernard, that cells in multicellular organisms live in a stable, controlled fluid environment (extracellular fluid) separate from the outside world, allowing for stable function despite external changes; this principle is fundamental to homeostasis, the body's self-regulation to maintain stability, often called the "wisdom of the body". Essentially, organisms carry their "internal ocean" within them, providing a constant bathing medium for cells.

; Mitochondrion
: A membrane-bound organelle found in most eukaryotic cells that generates the majority of the cell's supply of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), used as a source of chemical energy.

; [[Time#Molecular Clock| Molecular Phylogenetics & Molecular Clock]]
: Molecular phylogenetics and comparative genomics analyze changes in DNA, RNA, and protein sequences, along with other heritable molecular ''patterns'', to reconstruct evolutionary history and estimate when lineages diverged over time. ''Molecular Clock'' is an internal, self-sustaining biochemical rhythm that preserves timing information, letting an organism coordinate metabolism, repair, hormones, and behavior across hours and seasons, so its ''pattern-preserving'' control loops stay synchronized with predictable environmental cycles.

; Morphogenesis
: (Layer 3) The process by which an organism takes shape. A system’s tendency to converge on functional form through nested constraints (e.g., cells synchronizing to create a beating heart).

; Morphogenetic Field
: The invisible bioelectric blueprint that guides cells into specific shapes during development.

; Multicellularity
: A biological state where an organism consists of multiple cells that have transitioned from individual persistence to '''membership''' within a larger entity. This evolutionary shift creates a new hierarchy of 🌟''Meaning'' where the survival of the constituent unit (the cell) becomes secondary to the integrity of the macroscopic "Self."
:'''The Social Contract:'''
:* '''Resource Allocation:''' Unlike free-living protists that compete for resources in a zero-sum game, multicellular somatic cells rely on systemic delivery (e.g., vasculature) and voluntarily limit consumption to prevent [[cancer]].
:* '''Specialization:''' Cells abdicate generalist functions (survival, reproduction) to specialize in specific tasks (e.g., neurons for ''signaling'', muscle for tension), enabling complex morphology and higher-order functionality.
:* '''Apoptosis:''' The ultimate sign of membership; cells agree to programmed self-destruction if they become damaged, infected, or obsolete, prioritizing the collective health over individual survival.
:'''Cognitive Shift:''' The operational goal of the system expands from the localized question ''"How do '''I''' survive?"'' to the systemic ''"How do '''WE''' function?"''

; Mutualistic
: A symbiotic relationship between two different organisms or groups in which all parties involved derive a benefit.

; [[Network Pattern]]
: A recurring structural arrangement or established topology of connections between nodes that dictates how they interact, communicate, or distribute resources within a system.

; [[Orch-OR|Orch-OR (Orchestrated Objective Reduction)]] 🕸️
: A specific and contested proposal by [[Creatives#Roger Penrose|Penrose]] and [[Creatives#Stuart Hameroff|Hameroff]]. It suggests that discrete moments of [[consciousness|conscious]] experience arise via orchestrated quantum processes in microtubules, culminating in objective reduction events.

; Pattern 🧬
: a way things are put together that keeps working again and again. It can be as simple as a rule or routine that helps something stay in one piece instead of falling apart. In living systems, patterns show up as stable forms of organization that repeat over time, like a cell boundary that keeps “inside” separate from “outside,” the body’s ability to keep temperature and chemistry in range, a body plan that development returns to, a learned mental model that helps you predict what happens next, or shared social rules that keep a group coordinated. More technically, a pattern is an organized, recurrent arrangement of structure and process that preserves functional ''coherence'' over time by constraining degrees of freedom, resisting ''drift'', detecting and correcting errors, and allowing a system to remain the same kind of thing despite noise and decay.

; Pattern Preservation
: The common thread of 🌟''Meaning'' across all layers of life. It is the act of keeping what matters intact, correcting errors as they arise, and expanding the horizon of what a system can sense, value, and protect.

; Predictive World-Models
: (Layer 5) Internal maps, learned predictions, habits, and action policies generated by the nervous system. These allow an organism to weigh options and simulate futures rather than reacting instantly, minimizing the energy cost of uncertainty.

; Quantum biology
: the study of applications of quantum mechanics and theoretical chemistry to biological objects and problems.

; Salience
: The process of determining "what matters"—often automatically and not necessarily [[consciousness|consciously]]. Salience [[Network Pattern|networks]] prioritize inputs and goals across time horizons (e.g., "this matters now," "this matters later") because they predict threat or opportunity relative to viability constraints, and they help restore ''coherence'' when predictive models fail.

; Second Law of Thermodynamics
: The physical law stating that in an '''isolated system''' (no exchange of energy/matter), total entropy cannot decrease over time; systems naturally ''drift'' toward equilibrium. Life evades this locally by being an '''open system'''.

; Setpoint / viable range
: A target value (or safe band) regulation systems try to maintain (e.g., temperature, pH, glucose).

; Signal
: any internal or external cue that indicates the state of a system relative to its continued stability. ''Signals'' are not the same as raw data. They are differences that matter for maintaining ''coherence''. A ''signal'' reduces uncertainty about what to do next because it is linked, through learning or evolution, to preservation or breakdown. Biological examples include blood glucose levels, which signal energy sufficiency or deficit; pain, which signals tissue damage; inflammation markers, which ''signal'' infection or injury; and cortisol spikes, which ''signal'' stress load. These ''signals'' allow the organism to correct deviations before structural integrity collapses. Without them, regulation would fail and ''drift'' would accelerate. Psychological examples include feelings of belonging, which ''signal'' secure membership; shame, which ''signals'' social threat; curiosity, which ''signals'' opportunity for learning; and boredom, which ''signals'' under-stimulation or stagnation. These are not arbitrary emotions. They function as value-tagged indicators of whether one’s internal and social patterns are stabilizing or fragmenting. At the social level, ''signals'' include trust cues, reputation feedback, shared norms, and institutional metrics. For example, rising crime rates ''signal'' breakdown in social coordination. Economic inflation can ''signal'' imbalance in resource flows. Election participation can ''signal'' civic engagement or apathy. These collective ''signals'' guide corrective action at group scale. Technically, a ''signal'' is a state-dependent variable that conveys information about deviations from viable ranges and triggers compensatory processes. ''Signals'' generate value gradients. They tell a system what matters now. 🌟''Meaning'' itself can be understood as a high-level integrative ''signal'': the felt indication that one’s current actions are aligned with the preservation and extension of ''coherent patterns'' across self, relationships, and time.

; Social 🌟''Meaning''
: (Layer 8) 🌟''Meaning'' anchored in external scaffolds such as shared reality, language, norms, institutions, and collective memory. It represents ''patterns'' that are transmissible and negotiable, stabilized by consensus rather than just biology.

; Symbiotic
: describes a close and long-term biological interaction between two different organisms, most commonly referring to a relationship where both parties derive a mutual benefit.

; [[TAME|TAME (Technological Approach to Mind Everywhere)]] 🪆
: A framework by [[Creatives#Michael Levin|Michael Levin]] for understanding mind and agency as a continuum across substrates (cells, tissues, brains, collectives) via goal-directed control.

; Thermodynamic Coherence
: (Layer 1) Life's basic act of '''local resistance to decay'''. It is the building and preserving of organized patterns using continuous energy and matter flow to hold boundaries and repair structures.

; Viability constraint
: A range of conditions the system must stay within to remain alive/functional.

; Viability Signal Direction
: In academic literature, this is often classified as Agency vs. Communion (Bakan, 1966) or Self-Determination Theory (Autonomy vs. Relatedness).
* '''Active 🌟''Meaning'' (Projective)''': The internal drive to detect, value, and shape the world. This is 🌟''Meaning'' generated by doing.
** Direction of Flow: Subject -> Object (Internal -> External).
** The ''Signal'': "I can impact the environment to suit my viability."
** Biological Root: Allostasis & Prediction (Layers 2 & 5). The organism predicts a need and acts to meet it.
** Psychological Equivalent: Agency & Efficacy. The feeling that you are a cause, not an effect.
** Failure State: Helplessness. When you cannot affect the world, you lose Projective 🌟''Meaning'' (e.g., depression, stagnation).
* '''Reflected 🌟''Meaning'' (Introjective)''': The external confirmation that the self is necessary to the larger system. This is 🌟''Meaning'' generated by belonging.
** Direction of Flow: Object -> Subject (External -> Internal).
** The ''Signal'': "The environment (tribe/family) protects me because I am valuable to it."
** Biological Root: Membership (Layer 4 & 8). Just as a liver cell relies on the body for glucose, a human relies on the tribe for safety.
** Psychological Equivalent: Status & Mattering. The feeling that you are "significant" to others.
** Failure State: Invisibility/Isolation. When the world does not ''signal'' you are needed, you lose Introjective 🌟''Meaning'' (e.g., "Social Death").

; Vicarious Trial and Error
: A process facilitated by the hippocampus where the brain imagines different paths or futures to find a new equilibrium without physically enacting them.

; Will to 🌟''Meaning''
: A concept from Viktor Frankl's Logotherapy. It suggests that the primary driver of human ''coherence'', especially as biological pressures fade, is the discovery of 🌟''Meaning'' through creative deeds, experiences, or attitudes toward suffering.

; Womb
: Described as nature’s first "🌟''Meaning'' engine" and a developmental buffer. It provides a shielded environment that dampens environmental fluctuations, allowing biological complexity and self-assembly to occur without interference.

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